World Tourism History

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

There is no denying the fact that the Pilot Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) for Bangladesh in the form of various tables suggested by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) is presented in this report. Disaggregated figures of various components of tourism as well as method of arriving at estimates of tourism sector’s role in the economy are accessible. Following standard TSA methodology, we have estimated that for Bangladesh Economy tourism value added to be1.26 percent of GDP in terms of direct impact, and1.33 percent of GDP when indirect effects are also included. Tourism’s share in total number of jobs is 4.13 percent, rising to 4.39 percent when indirect effects are also included.

Since the TSA framework is new and not much familiar, we provide a brief introduction to the concepts and issues. Next, the methodology and the basic findings of the TSA for are presented in the report.

In this chapter we provide a snapshot idea about tourism and its contributions to economic upliftment in an economy in an economy.

1.1 About Tourism

Tourism Industry is flourishing very rapidly and posthumously all over the world. The scenario of the world tourism industry is always in a state of flux, ever changing. It is reckoned that end of 21st century will see the world tourism industry generating nearly 500 million job opportunities for the people. It is also assumed that the contribution towards the GDP by the World tourism industry will be approximately above 15%. However, in order to meet the requirements, constant changes in the travel and tourism policies need to be reframed and restructured. Tourism is a vital source of income for many countries and it generates income through the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on business in the tourism industry, and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. Some of the services offered by these industries include transportation services such as cruise ships and taxis, accommodation services such as hotels, restaurants, bars and entertainment venues and other hospitalities.

Global Tourism Industry

International tourism is now predicted to increase in the 3-5 % range next year, according to IPK’s World Travel Monitor and UNWTO forecasts. IPK’s Global Travel Confidence Indicator lies at 103 points for 2011, including 3% to 5% growth in world outbound travel. The main drivers will be the improving world economy and low fares from budget airlines while safety and environment concerns are not expected to impact significantly. Similarly, the UNWTO now forecasts growth of 4-5% in international arrivals for 2011, which would put the sector back at the long-term growth rate of 4% recorded between 2000 and 2009. Air passenger volumes, according to Boeing, are likely to rise about 5% in 2011.

Key figures on global overnight travel (2010 changes compared to 2009 changes):

All domestic and outbound trips: 9.8 billion (+5% vs. -1% - new all-time high)
- Outbound trips: 0.935 billion (+7% vs. -4% - new all-time high)
- Outbound nights: 5 billion (+5% vs. -7% - new all-time high expected for 2011)
- Outbound spending: € 781 billion (+7% vs. -9% - new all-time high expected for 2011)
Travel and tourism is the lifeblood of many countries. Clear understanding about tourism, its role in the economy and steps needed to be taken for promotion of tourism are very important.

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon related to the movement of people to places outside their usual place of residence pleasure being the usual motivation.

The activities carried out by a visitor may or may not involve a market transaction, and may be different from or similar to those normally carried out in his/her regular routine of life. If they are similar, their frequency or intensity is different when traveling. These activities represent the actions and behaviors of people in preparation for and during a trip in their capacity as consumers.

Tourism has an impact for the economy, for the natural and built environment, for the local population at the places visited, and for the visitors themselves.

Due to this range of impacts, and the wide spectrum of stakeholders involved, there is a need for a holistic approach to tourism development, management and monitoring. This approach is supported by UNWTO in order to formulate and implement national and local tourism policies.

Having more and reliable statistics is essential for policymakers to make effective decisions. Only with sufficient and adequate data that generate credible statistics is it possible to undertake different types of analysis of tourism. This is essential in order to evaluate the different aspects of tourism and to support and improve policy and decision making.

Tourism statistics are necessary for designing marketing strategies, strengthening interinstitutional relations, evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of management decisions, and measuring tourism throughout the national economy.

Travel & Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries around the world. As well as its direct economic impact, the industry has significant indirect and induced impacts. The UN Statistics Division-approved Tourism Satellite Accounting methodology (TSA: RMF 2008) quantifies only the direct contribution of Travel & Tourism. But WTTC recognizes that Travel & Tourism's total contribution is much greater, and aims to capture its indirect and induced impacts through its annual research.

1.2 Understanding Contribution of Tourism

Tourism remains the fastest growing service industry in the economies of most of developing countries; hence more research has gone into the operations of the sector in order to examine its economic significance and potential. (Armstrong, 1974) It is known that the industry provides an important impetus to growth in other sectors such as agriculture, transportation, retailing and manufacturing and is therefore seen as a key component of economic development. It plays a major role for the generation of foreign exchange which directly facilities the improvement of foreign reserves of said economics. Similarly, the sector has shown greater improvements in employment generation (direct and indirect), revenue accruing to tourist sites, and increase in number of hotels and similar establishments and other tourism supply establishments.

Tourism is a fast growing economic activity in many countries around the word, and plays an important role in the economic and technological development of nations. As Edge points out, tourism serves to stimulate the development of basic infrastructure, contributes to the growth of domestic industries, attracts foreign investment, and facilitates the transfer of technology and information.

Direct Contribution

The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP refers to the ‘internal’ spending on Travel & Tourism (total spending within a particular country on Travel & Tourism by residents and non-residents for business and leisure purposes) as well as government 'individual' spending - spending by government on Travel & Tourism services directly linked to visitors, such as cultural (e.g. museums) or recreational (e.g. national parks).

The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is calculated to be consistent with the output, as expressed in National Accounting, of tourism-characteristic sectors such as hotels, airlines, airports, travel agents and leisure and recreation services that deal directly with tourists. The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is calculated from total internal spending by ‘netting out’ the purchases made by the different tourism sectors. This measure is consistent with the definition of Tourism GDP, specified in the 2008. Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA: RMF 2008).

Total Contribution

The total contribution of Travel & Tourism includes its ‘wider impacts’ (i.e. the indirect and induced impacts) on the economy. The ‘indirect’ contribution includes the GDP and jobs supported by: Government 'collective' spending, which helps Travel & Tourism activity in many different ways as it is made on behalf of the ‘community at large’ – e.g. tourism marketing and promotion, aviation, administration, security services, resort area security services, resort area sanitation services, etc; Domestic purchases of goods and services by the sectors dealing directly with tourists - including, for example, purchases of food and cleaning services by hotels, of fuel and catering services by airlines, and IT services by travel agents.

Travel & Tourism investment spending – an important aspect of both current and future activity that includes investment activity such as the purchase of new aircraft and construction of new hotels; The ‘induced’ contribution measures the GDP and jobs supported by the spending of those who are directly or indirectly employed by the Travel & Tourism industry.

Tourism is one of the major foreign exchange earners and main growth sector for many countries especially the small islands which are with required natural and cultural resources. The world tourism market has grown at an average of 3.7 percent over the past five years and is projected to grow by an average of 4.9 percent over the next five years, with Asia and the Pacific regions recording the fastest growth rate. According to WTTC (World Travel and Tourism Council 2010) Travel & tourism actively was hit hard by the global slump, Even so, the sector worldwide still provided over 235 million jobs last year.

Tourism expenditures generate income to the host economy and can stimulate the investment necessary to finance growth in other economic sectors. Some countries seek to accelerate this growth by requiring visitors to bring in certain a certain amount of foreign currency for each day of their stay. An important indicator of the role of international tourism is its generation of foreign exchange earnings. Tourism is one of the top five export categories for as many as 83% of countries and is a main source of foreign exchange earnings for at least 38% of countries.





Australian scenarios
Australia’s tourism industry performed well during 2011–12 with an 8.0 per cent growth in total visitor expenditure over the previous year. Most of this growth was in the domestic market which demonstrated a substantial increase from its lows of recent years.

In relation to inbound tourism, strong performance from Asia, in particular China, more than offset falls from some of Australia’s more traditional markets in Europe that led to a small overall increase in inbound tourism during 2011–12 over the previous year.

This year’s State of the Industry Report shows that overall; the industry’s performance was much improved over the previous year on most indicators. This was achieved despite the continuing high value of the Australian dollar and a range of challenges in the macroeconomic environment.

Macroeconomic challenges
Four years on from the onset of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the global economy is still reeling and recovery in the world’s largest economy, the United States, remains muted. The ongoing sovereign risk crisis and return to recessionary conditions in key Australia, the relatively solid performance of the Australian economy underpinned by the mining boom is a positive force for tourism. However, this is offset by the fact that the Australian dollar remains at or near record cross-rates with most of Australia’s main tourism partners including the United States (US dollar) and Europe (Euro).

International tourism
Australia’s international visitor arrivals in 2011–12 increased by 1.2 per cent (to a record 6.0 million; Figure ES2) and revenues in this sector increased by 1.5 per cent to $26.6 billion.

There was substantial growth in the China market, both in terms of arrivals (up 16.7 per cent) and expenditure (up 9.1 per cent to $3.8 billion). There was also solid growth in expenditure from the United States and New Zealand (up 7.5 and 3.8 per cent respectively). However, this growth was largely offset by declines from Australia’s more traditional markets, particularly from the United Kingdom (down 6.6 per cent).
 Travel & Tourism activity was hit hard by the global slump, with Travel & Tourism economy GDP contracting by 4.8% in 2009. Even so, the sector worldwide still provided over 235 million jobs last year.
 Travel & Tourism’s recovery - like that of the world economy - is expected to be a gradual one. After growth of just 0.5% in 2010, Travel & Tourism economy GDP is likely to grow by 3.2% in 2011, with momentum building from the second half of 2010 and into next year.

1.3 Objectives of the Assignment
The overall objective of the study is to capture reliable data from secondary sources and through conducting sample surveys as a part of developing a pilot tourism satellite accounts for Bangladesh. The reference period is the financial year 2011-12. The specific and detailed objectives of the study include the followings:

 To provide a coherent and credible set of tourism accounts that can be compared across countries
 To develop quantitative estimates of tourism value added, thus analyze the importance of tourism in economy
 To provide detailed information on employment in tourism industries and the role of tourism played in job creation for different type of workers
To estimate other variables necessary for the set of accounts

CHAPTER 2

Definitions and Conceptual Framework

2.1 Basic Ideas behind Tourism

We present herein a lucid account of various definitions and concepts associated with Tourism world.

Terms and Terminology

• Travel and Tourism

Travel is an activity done by a person moving from one geographic location to another. The person doing such an activity is a Traveler.

A Trip is a to-and-fro activity. It is the travel by a person from the time of departure till he comes back to the origin. It is thus a Round Trip.

Domestic Travel is done by a resident within the country of residence.  Travel to a country by non-resident is called Inbound Travel. Travel done by a person outside his country of residence is called Outbound Travel. Thus, a person doing above types pf traveling is called a Domestic, Inbound and Outbound Traveler.

Thus, an Inbound Trip refers to travel between arriving in a country and leaving it. But, Domestic and Outbound trip refer to leaving place of residence and returning. Domestic travel has ultimate destination within own country of residence but outbound has destination outside country of reference.

International and domestics visitors

International travel consists of both inbound and outbound travel. Country of residences of the traveler is different from the countries visited. From perspective of country of reference an international traveler is either inbound or outbound.

With respect to the country of reference an international traveler qualifies as an international visitor if he is on tourism trip (less than one year, purpose are business, personal, leisure etc and not employment) and if he is a non-resident traveling in the country of reference or a resident traveling outside of it.

A Visitor takes a trip outside his usual environment for less than one year for purposes other than employment in the places visited .These, trips taken by visitors called Tourism Trips.
So, a domestic, inbound and outbound traveler on a tourism trip is called domestic, inbound and outbound visitors.

Thus, according to the above, a travel becomes Domestic, Inbound or Outbound Tourist.

Hence, tourism is a subset of travel and visitors form a subset of travelers. A visitor becomes a Tourist if his stay is overnight .Thus, we can classify as,
Domestic visitor becomes Domestics Tourist
Inbound visitors become Inbound Tourist.
Outbound visitors become Outbound Tourist.
This classification depends on purpose of visit and staying duration.
So, a Tourist is An Overnight Visitor or a Same Day Visitor.

• Economic Territory
It is the geographical area for which measurement is done (country of reference).
• Economy
It refers to economic reference as used in balance of payment and national accounts. It also refers to agents who are residents of the country of reference.
• Usual environment
This is the geographical area within which an individual leads his regular life routines.
• Tourism trips and visits

Trips taken by visitors are tourism trips.

An inbound tourism trip refers to travel of visitor from time of arriving in a country to the time of leaving.

Main destination of a tourism trip is the place key to the whole trip.

In domestic trip main destination is the country of residence of the visitor. Both inbound and outbound trip have main destination outside the country of residence of the visitors.

An outbound tourism trip might include visits to places within the country of residence. A domestic trip might include visits of place outside the country of residence of the visitor. Here main destination is country of residence.

Forms of tourism
(a)Domestic Tourism comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference either as part of a domestic tourism trip or part of an outbound tourism trip.
(b)Inbound Tourism comprises the activities of a non-resident visitor within the country of reference on an inbound tourism trips.
(c)Outbound Tourism, comprises the activities of a resident visitor outside the country of reference, either as part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of a domestic tourism trip.
(d)Internal Tourism comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism, that is, the activities of resident and non-resident visitors within the country of reference as part of domestic or international tourism trips.
(e)National Tourism comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism, that is, the activities of resident visitors within and outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips.
(f)International Tourism comprises inbound tourism and outbound tourism, that is, the activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips and the activities of non-resident visitors within the country of reference on inbound tourism trips.
(g)Tourism Internal comprises of Inbound, Domestic and domestic part of outbound tourism.
Demand perspective:
It deals with “what is wanted by tourist”.

Tourism expenditure
To measure contribution of tourism to economy requires the use of monetary values.

Bangladesh Domestic Tourism Expenditure.

• Made purely by residents of Bangladesh within Bangladesh.
Inbound Tourism Expenditures
• Non-residents (from abroad) expenses made in Bangladesh.
• Bangladeshi nationals residing abroad expenses within Bangladesh

Outbound Tourism Expenditure
• Bangladeshi nationals going abroad and their expenses made abroad.

Internal Tourism Expenditure
• Bangladesh residents and non-residents make expenses within Bangladesh. Such non-residents can be both Bangladeshi national and foreign nationals.

National Tourism Expenditure
• Bangladeshi travelers make expenses within Bangladesh and outside Bangladesh.

Tourism balance of trade

Tourism imports comprise of goods and services purchased by residents on a trip outside the country whilst tourism exports comprise goods and services purchased by non-residents visitors in the country. The tourism balance of trade is defined as tourism exports net of tourism imports.

Supply perspectives of Tourism

Economic contribution of tourism can be traced and measured by responses to demand of goods and services of visitors. Thus, supply is providing goods and services to visitor’s .These goods and services make up tourism expenditure.

Thus, supply analysis needs to,

1. Show the conditions that enable producers provide goods and services to visitors.
2. Describe the processes, production costs and economic performances of suppliers in tourism industries.

Gross output

Gross output for the tourism sector includes the value of goods and services produced by tourism industries (tourism output) and imported items purchased by tourists.

Intermediate consumption

Intermediate consumption of industries covers non-durable goods and services used up in the production process. For this TSA, intermediate consumption of industries (providing the product) will be calculated as a percentage of gross output assuming the same ratios of the SUT.

Tourism Direct Gross Value Added (TDGVA)

Tourism Direct Gross Value Added is calculated as the difference between the gross output and intermediate consumption. It adds the parts of gross value added generated by tourism industries and other industries of the economy that serve directly visitors.


Valuation

Gross output is valued at basic prices, that is, the amount receivable by the producer exclusive of taxes payable and inclusive of subsidies receivable on the products. Intermediate consumption is at purchaser’s price, that is, it includes trade margins of wholesalers and retailers as well as additional transport charges payable by the purchaser and non-deductible VAT.

2.2 What is TSA?

The Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) is an accounting framework adopted by the structure and role of tourism in an economy. The need for a satellite account arises because it is not an industry in the way industry is defined in the system of national accounts. Instead, tourism is a demand based concept defined not by its output but by its use. Tourism differs from many economic activities in that it makes use of a diverse range of facilities across a large number of industrial sectors. As a result, it is not possible to identify tourism as a single industry in the national accounts, so that its value to the economy is not revealed. Industries defined in national accounts, such as air transport, hotels and restaurants, etc produce the same output irrespective of whether it is consumed by tourists or non tourists. While the total output of these industries is usually captured by the national accounts, it is only the consumption by tourists that defines the tourism economy, e.g. the part of total value added attributed to tourism activities. Insofar as tourism is an economic phenomenon, it is already embodied in the national accounts but not in a manner readily apparent because commodities and services that are produced and consumed in meeting tourism demand are buried in some other elements of the core accounts.

Objective of TSA

Followings are the specific general objectives of constructing a TSA.

- It provides credible data on the impact of tourism and the associated employment.
- It is a standard framework for organizing statistical data on tourism?
- It is a new international standard endorsed by the UN statistical commission?
- It is a powerful instrument for designing economic policies related to tourism development?
- It provides data on tourism’s impact on a nation’s balance of payments.
- It provides information on tourism human resources characteristics.

Who can benefit from it and how?

Total economy can benefit from TSA.

The TSA provides decision-makers with a tool for:
• Policy making
• Reliable data on the impact of tourism on the economy and on employment
• Measuring domestic and no-resident tourism and the associated employment
• Comparisons with other economic sectors
• And in the future, international comparisons.

2.3 System of National Accounts (SNA) & SUT

A TSA analyses in detail all the aspect of demand of goods and services associated with tourism activities and how this demand is met by other economic activities.

A TSA provides:

(1) Macroeconomic aggregates that describe the size and the economic contribution of different forms of tourism.

(2) Data on tourism consumption, and how the demand is met by domestics supply and imports. Detailed production accounts of the tourism industries including linkages with other productive economic activities.

(3) It is linked to system of national account (SNA). SNA is used worldwide and allows international compatibility among statistical systems. UN statistical commission has developed a set of methodological document for use worldwide.

TSA is an extension of SNA to organize information on tourist demand and supply. TSA is composed of 10 tables as recommended by UNWTO.

What is SNA?

Comprehensive framework for production, investment, income, stocks and flows of financial & non-financial assets. It divides the economy into 5 institutional units (HH, Got, financial & non-financial corporate bodies, NPISH).

SNA has 3 accounts
- Current accounts
- Accumulation accounts
- Balance sheets

Current account includes production, income distribution and use of income. It emphasizes production account which emphasizes VA as a balancing factor. Only output & Intermediate consumption are important here.

Distribution of income concerns distribution of VA (labor, capital, taxes). Use of income shows final consumption (Got, HH and NPISH).
SNA provides a very useful indicator & that is,
GDP= All VAs + All final goods & services+ All Primary incomes generated.









Flow of benefits of tourism is shown below.






















































































CHAPTER 3
Methodology
3.1 Introduction

For the present assignment several types of surveys were needed namely, Household Survey, Establishment Survey, and Tourist Survey at Tourist spots. Both Primary and Secondary data were used. We provide in brief the survey methodology used in every case below.

3.1.1 Sample Design and the universe

It is to be borne in mind that sample design is a very crucial element for conduction of a survey. For the present assignment several surveys were needed for which universes as well as sampling techniques were different. There was not a unique mode of data collection. However, we present the overall sampling strategy below.

3.2 Determination of sample sizes

In order to determine representative sample sizes for different categories we had several brain- storming sessions with the working committee of BBS. We have used a generic statistical formula. Households in Rural and Urban areas constitute the population.

Household Sample size

Obtained the sample size n= 3760
We have distributed the sample size in the proportion of Rural-Urban strata using related information in HIES-2010.
Rural (35%) = 1316
Urban (65%) = 2444

We have noticed in HIES 2010 data that Expenditures on tourism related variables are almost in above proportion. We have drawn our sample as a sub sample from HIES 2010. Wehave chosen 25% of HIES PUSs i.e. 153 PSUs. PSUs were selected using PPS by households. Distribution of PSUs includes higher proportion from urban stratum because of more tourism activities in urban areas. Per selected household one respondent was interviewed.

Household Listing and Selection Procedure

In order to identify households having tourist an exhaustive listing was done in each selected PSU. For such purpose a single question was posed to every household of the selected PSUs. The question was explained in a way so that it conforms to tourism trip. Household having such a tourist was marked and listed. From such a list assigned sample size was drawn using SRS in all sample PSUs.

Exclusion from Domestic visitor

The following categories of visitors were not treated as Domestic tourists;
 Foreign residents in Bangladesh
 Persons traveling with or without a contract to take up an occupation or engage in activities remunerated from within the country or place visiting
 Seasonal worker in agriculture, construction and tourism services
 Crews working in Air, Rail, Bus and Water transport
 Not crossing district administrative area as usual environment
 Visiting Friends & Relatives (VFR)
 Frequently visiting as routine health care, shopping, religious purpose, education & training etc.
 All trips between the place of work/study and the main place of residence of the household.
Inbound and Outbound Tourists

Inbound Tourist (Land port & Air port)
Determined sample size is n=618 at 5% precision level. Using BBS data on tourist arrivals, we have distributed between Air & Land ports as follows.
Air (86.73%) = 536
Land (13.27%) = 82

Outbound (Land port & Air port)
Determined sample size is

n = 723

Land (50.34%) = 364
Air (49.65%) = 359

Selection procedure of Inbound and Outbound Tourists

Intercept Sampling procedure in and around selected Airports and Land ports as well as in hotels was conducted. A predesigned semi-structured questionnaire was administered to collect data.

Establishments

We have collected the sampling frames of members of IATA, Tour operators, Hajj Agencies, Liquor house and Resorts along with the number of employees. Using this variable we have calculated sample sizes using same precision level (2%) in each case. Determined sample sizes were as follows.

IATA : 44
Tour Operator : 32
Hajj Agency : 45
Resort : 10
Liquor House : 6

Establishments at tourist spots (5*22) = 110 (5 per each of 22 Tourist spots)

Selection of establishments

At first sampling frame for each category was collected and determined sample size for each category was chosen using Stratified Simple Random sampling method. Such stratification was based on Industrial classification policy by number of employees.

At International Bus and Train lounge 150tourists (Inbound & Outbound) were interviewed on a random selection basis. Information of this sample was amalgamated with other Inbound and Outbound Tourists.



Data Collection: Total process

Data collection has a noteworthy impact on the quality of survey results and thus, it is treated as a significant part of the survey. Following measures have been taking during the preparation of questionnaire,
• Brain-storming sessions were organized for developing the questionnaire and finalization.
• Comprehensive manual of data collection with clearly defined concepts and definitions have been made.
• Training program for the enumerators and supervisors has been conducted;
• Required number of enumerators were deployed in order to ensure smooth data collection;
• To take extra-care for quality of the data collection activity, sufficient number of supervisors has also been engaged.
Questionnaire Design:

A questionnaire is a powerful evaluation tool and questionnaire written without a clear goal and purpose is inevitably going to overlook important issues and waste enumerators ‘as well as respondent’ time by asking and responding useless questions. All these matters have been taken into account as much as possible in designing the questionnaire for this survey.

Process of questionnaire design

At first the focal point officer of the survey has developed the questionnaire. Later on, it has been placed before the meeting of the Working Committee of the project, in order to have the views and suggestions of the member of the committee. The committee made a lot of recommendations. Subsequently, the questionnaire has been brought forward to the Technical Committee, the highest statistical body, which has finally approved the questionnaire. In all, I types of questionnaires were developed and used for the survey.

Data collection

Training of the Enumerators: Training has been arranged in two phase in order to make the enumerators perfectly conceptualized with the concepts and definition of each word of the questionnaire as well as to convey the proper method of data collection. At the first stage, two days training program was conducted by the Team Leader. At the first day, the participants receive rigorous training on the concepts, definitions and the questionnaire and in the next day.
Data Collection and Supervision

Data has been taken place form May 26th to June 15th, 2013 in all. Usually the respondents are the head of the household. The totals of 84 enumerators, who have proven experience in this field, have been engaged in data collection and the total of 20 supervising the data collection. Furthermore, all possible measures have been taken to have a good quality of data reducing non- sampling errors.

Data Editing and Coding

Data editing and coding are another vital phases of the survey, which indispensable for data is processing. It should be completed before data processing. In case of this survey coding has been done along with questionnaire development so that the enumerator can easily and accurately mark the right answers.

Data editing refers the activity of checking and cleaning data that have already been collected from the field. An instruction manual with the editing and coding guidelines has also been made in order to ensure proper data editing and coding.

Data Processing

Data processing involves many steps that are very important and following steps have been followed.

 Data entry
 Appending and Merging files
 Data validation (further checking, editing and imputation)
 Final decision on errors
 Completion of data processing and generation of data files
 Final documentations
 Conversion of data files to another software
 Storage of all files.
Data Entry

After editing, all questionnaires have been sent to a group of data processors in order to do all works of data processing. They have maintained the steps as mentioned below aiming to ensure the perfect data processing:

1. Software Used: Three software’s named SPSS and Excel have been used for processing the survey data. SPSS for both tabulation and data analysis.
2. Designing Data Entry Application: Using SPSS software, data entry screen has been developed. The first thing to do it was to create the data dictionary based on the questionnaire. The data dictionary has consisted of ID items, records, items of the records and also values of the items. Logic check has also maintained to avoid errors of inconsistency. After finishing the data dictionary, the data entry forms have been developed depending on data dictionary. After that, the data entry form are tested and, therefore, readily available for use.
3. Data capturing and Preliminary Validation: Just after the completion of data edition manually, data have been captured in computer. During data capturing, a variety of common errors have been identified. As a result data have been checked and cross checked with questionnaire depending on error message. During data processing, the appropriate corrective methodologies mentioned below have been used to ensure clean data.
• Wrong data and out of range codes: Firstly, the data collection instrument restricts the enumerator to a set of codes within the acceptable range for most of the questions, Secondly, the values have been set for avoiding wild codes for most of the questions.
• Inconsistency checking: It has been done during designing the data entry program to avoid errors and inconsistency.
• Treatment of Missing values: The data entry program has been designed not to allow blanks that ensure not having missing values in the data.
• Incomplete records and dropped cases: The data entry program has designed to accept the complete data case; otherwise, it would not be saved. This has been set to avoid incomplete records and dropped cases.
• Duplication of entries: The data entry program has been designed in view of rejecting duplication of entries based on the identifiers.
4. Appending and Merging files: After data entry, files have properly been appended and merged in order to bring all data in a single file.
5. Data Validation: Validation has been accomplished after appending and merging files by checking the number of variables, the cases, wild codes, missing value and consistency. It has also done to make sure that the number of variables generated matched with the number of variables in the data set.
6. Final decision on errors: If there has been fund any error during data validation, it is checked and rechecked; and sometimes it has been sent  back to the survey authority to decide how t would be treated.
7. Completion of data processing and generation of data file: Addressing the final decision on error, data processing task have made completed and generated a data file which contains micro data.
8. Data preservation: After completion of processing, data have been stored in ASCII format. The data have also been converted to Microsoft Excel format in order to have the print out. Both original and new format have been preserved. The questionnaires have also filed for safe storage. A copy of the data set put forward to the survey authority for tabulation and analysis.
Tabulation
In all 7 TSA tables have been prepared for which several additional Tables have been constructed. All these tables are given in the Annexure.

Data Analysis

Survey results have been analyzed in tabular form using SPSS software.

3.3 Estimation Techniques

Foundation Ideas

Tourism activities undertaken by visitors, generates directly and indirectly an increase in economic activity in the economy due to demand for goods and services that need to be produced and provided.

The direct effects accrue due to immediate effects of the additional demand on production processes and supply of goods and services in terms of additional goods and services, and additional value added and its components.

Indirect effects of tourism consumption arises due to the chain of linkages of industries serving tourism to other industries that supply tourism with intermediate inputs and capital goods, and then with the linkages of these industries with others that supply them, and so on. All these effects generate additional value added, employment, compensation of employees, taxes, income, etc.

Direct and Indirect contributions of Tourists

(a) Models based on Input-output analysis
An input-output table is a widely used matrix framework to supply detailed and coherently arranged information on the flow of goods and services and on the structure of production costs.

By using an input-output table, it is possible to express the technical relationship between output by product or activity (at basic price) and intermediate consumption (at purchasers price) by product or activity as a technical coefficient, and establish a matrix of technical coefficients in which each cell represents the required value of input of industry for the production of 1 unit value of output of industry j.

(b) Computable General Equilibrium Models (CGEM)
Computable general equilibrium models are designed to relax some of the constraints inherent in input output models particularly price variation constraints. With these types of models, the supply and use table compiled for a given year represents a situation of equilibrium between the different variables of the system. Tourism generates changes in some of the variables, and the model computes a new equilibrium situation under the conditions imposed by the vector of tourism demand and the relationships that exist between the different variables of the supply and use table. These relationships are modeled.

Multiplier Analysis

Input Output Technique
It is the basis of a multiplier analysis. It is based on inputs consumed and outputs produced by sectors.

Yi = Yί1+Yί2+Yί3 +.............+Yίk+Fi
= ∑Yίј+Fί
Yίј = aίјYј
Y = AY+ F
Y = (I–A)-1 F, F is the vector of final demand.

Total of each column of the matrix gives direct and indirect effects of unit increase of final demand of that sector. It is the coefficient of multiplier of outputs. The tourism expenditure vector is obtained as proportion of tourism expenditure of each industry out of total of that industry. Column sum gives multiplier effect due to tourism expenditures of each industry. This can be done separately for Inbound, Domestic and Outbound tourism. Sum over column sums gives multiplier effect due to tourism expenditure.

Procedures for estimating different Aggregates

Population Estimates for Domestic Tourism Total Expenditures

For estimating this total we have considered two sources namely, Household Survey and Tourist survey at Tourists spots.

In the household survey, every household was asked to report about the number of trips made during last one year. There were a good number of households having more than one trip. We have calculated average number of trip per household. Using this average, we have estimated the number of households necessary for currently surveyed tourists at tourist spots. In doing so, we have deflated total tourists expenditure of current surveyed tourists to get an estimate for 2011 since all household level information were collected for 2011-12. From this adjusted total we have calculated estimated number of households needed for those tourists. Thus, total number of households is now more than original sample size 3760. Two total expenditures were amalgamated and this gives us a coefficient which was used to obtain an estimate of countrywide total domestic expenditure. Using an appropriate multiplier obtained from Population size of households having tourists and that for sample we have estimated extrapolated expenditure by categories of expenditure. We have calculated expected number of households which might have tourists during that period and then found weighted total average expenditure of rural-urban strata.




Population Estimates for Establishments

For each category we have calculated a multiplier using population total number obtained through web search and sample size. This multiplier when adopted in each category gives estimate for population total.

Estimating Inbound and Outbound Expenditures

For both of these categories we have used the survey results and calculated the coefficients for obtaining blown up figures of expenditures by types. For inbound tourism we have calculated the average expenditure by tourism products for both Foreign and Non-Resident Bangladeshi (NRB) visitors using our survey results.

WB (2012) provides a total tourism number of departures (875,000) and it has been allocated to Foreigners and NRB as well as Resident Departing Bangladeshi based on our survey findings. Then, multiplying average expenditure by this number we have calculated weighted total consumption expenditure for each product.

Similarly, WTTC (2012) provides a total tourism Outbound expenditure 51.75 billion BDT. From our survey we have obtained average expenditure made by an Outbound tourist. Using these two figures we have estimated number of outbound tourists. Then, multiplying average expenditure by this number we have calculated weighted total consumption expenditure for each product.
 
CHAPTER 4

Compilation of Tourism Satellite Account for Bangladesh Economy


Anatomy of TSA is composed of 10 standard tables. According to the recommendation of the Technical committee for this assignment Pilot TSA has focused on first seven tables. While the first three tables contain data on tourism consumption by forms namely, Inbound, Domestic and Outbound, the fourth table bears consolidated consumption data on total tourism consumption. The fifth table presents production account of tourism industries (characteristic & connected). The sixth table puts together the demand and supply side of tourism accompanied by contribution of tourism by forms in terms of aggregates like, Value Added. Employment scenarios are presented in the seventh Table. For the development of the first Pilot TSA the year of reference was selected to be 2011-12. Manufacturing (Goods) and service sector have been divided intoTourismSpecific and Non-Specific Products. Tourism specific goods & services have further been divided into tourism characteristic products and tourism connected products as shown below.


Tourism characteristics Products :
Accommodation services
Food and Beverages
Total Local transport
 Airport
 Water way
 Land (Bus, Taxi etc)
Total Entertainment
International Ticket (TK)
Travel Agents
Tourism Connected Products
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh
Purchases not related to tourism
Minor maintenance expenses locally
Expenses for financial services
Total monetary expenses made by others,
ICT  expenses
Health related
Insurance expenses
Total shopping
Souvenir, Garments, etc
Other Expenses
(Alcohol, Tobacco, Processed Food Footwear, Printed Materials, Toiletries etc)








Compiling Demand and Supply Side Data

Different surveys were conducted to compile tourism consumption data as delineated below.

DEMAND SIDE

Household Level Tourism Survey

By definition domestic tourism consumption includes expenditures on tourism incurred by residents within the country and outbound tourists also make some expenditure domestically. Thus, in order to get an estimate for the whole country, household survey was conducted as a subsample of HIES-2010. We have adopted weighting factor to provide blown up figures nationwide.

International Passenger Survey

Both Inbound and Outbound tourists make tourism expenditures within Bangladesh. Thus, international passenger surveys were conducted at selected Airports, Land ports and Hotels/Guest Houses.

Tourists Survey at Tourist Intensive Areas

In order to gather deeper ideas about consumption behavior of Domestic tourists and to obtain some coefficients we have conducted surveys of tourists at selected tourists spots. We have also deflated such expenditure figures to get 2011 figures and amalgamated with Household Survey data and obtained per unit expenditure by types of expenditure. Such figure was used to obtain estimate for the whole country.

SUPPLY SIDE

Value of Output and value Added form the supply side. In order to capture the supply side scenarios we have obtained value of output and value added for tourism industries and we have adopted the following strategies.

Accommodation Services & Restaurant

We have collected HOTELS and Restaurant Survey report of BBS 2010. Such report provides Total output and value added separately. We have applied Tourism ratio to total VA and obtained VA due to tourism.

Transportation

Total output and value added figures are available. We have calculated tourism Ratio and adapted to sectoral VA to obtain Tourism VA.

Other Sectors

Same approaches as discussed above have been adopted.

Summing over all tourism specific value added we have got total value added of tourism to the economy. Taking ratio of this to total, we get Tourism share to GDP. This is 1.26percent.

Indirect Contribution of Tourism

So far we have discussed about direct contribution of tourism. We have captured indirect contribution using Multipliers Analysis whose basis is Input-Output table. The indirect contribution arises from indirect tourism demand to other industries which do not directly cater tourists and there is inter-industry relationship. The direct and indirect demand can be measured using Input-Output technique. Such an Input-Output table bears sectors each of which is represented by a row and column. While row gives supplies plus final demand and total supply, column gives input as already been highlighted in estimation section. Due to non-availability of recent I-O table, we have used an available past I-O table of 1981-82. Total tourism multiplier turns out to be 1.056. Thus, direct and indirect contribution comes to be about 1.33 percent.

Tourism Employment

Measurement of tourism employment is a very complex issue due to seasonality, flexibility, lack of work contacts etc. Thus, total number of jobs is the simplistic approach. However, after collecting number of jobs, we have converted into Full Time Equivalent (FTE) by using a suitable method by using number of hours worked. Applying tourism employment ratio on total employment of each industry, tourism employment has been calculated. This has been done for both characteristic and related Industries. Sum of these two gives us total contribution of Tourism to Employment generation.

The share of tourism jobs to total number of jobs in Bangladesh has been calculated to be 4.13 percent.

In order to get direct and indirect contribution of tourism to employment, multiplier analysis has been done in the similar vein as in the case of value added. Employment coefficients (labor to output) have been calculated for each sector. Using column vector of employment co-efficient and matrix of output multiplier, employment multiplier was obtained. The employment multiplier has come out to be 1.065 which means direct and indirect impact of tourism. Thus, direct & indirect contribution of tourism to employment is 1.065 times the actual tourism employment and it is 4.39% of total employment.


Characterizing TSA Tables

TSA is constructed pooling together the demand and supply sides providing tourism products. According to UNWTO, 10 standard tables compose the whole affairs of TSA. We briefly narrate these tables.

Table 1: It covers inbound tourism expenditures. While columns distinguish between same-days visitors and spending at least one- night on board (road), rows identify specific productionon which tourist spend money.

Table 2: It is structured as table 1 with domestic tourist expenditure.

Table 3: It is structured as table 1and 2 with expenditures of outbound tourists.

Table 4: It is the sum of above 3 tables.

Table 5: It is a version of SNA production account. While the upper portion shows output of tourism products by industry sectors, the rows are same as in table 1 to 4. Columns include ISIC codes which constitute tourism industries. These include hotels, second home ownership, restaurants, railways, road transports, water transport, Air transport passenger transport, travel agencies, sport and culture and recreations. The lower portion gives input to each of TSA sectors of products.

Table 6: It is built on table 5 and it shows domestics supply of characteristic products by characteristics activities. It also shows supply of characteristics and connected products by rest of the economy, imports of each products and taxes minus subsides on these products. All these are used to calculate total supply of characteristics and connected products to the economy. This way “tourism ratio” on share of supply of each product including connected product in the total supply of that product in the whole economy is calculated.

Table 7: Employment scenario in tourism characteristics activities is shown on this table. Numbers of jobs by gender appear as column headers while row headers track twelve industry sectors.

Table 8: Gross fixed capital formation (investment) in tourism characteristics activities. Government and other related industries are shown in this table. While column headers show tourism characteristics activities, row headers show types of investment which by tourism industry.

Table 9: This table shows tourism consumption by government. While column headers show level of governance, row headers show function.

Table 10: This table shows non-monetary information on tourism such as, number of arrivals, number of visitors, mode of transports used, number and capacity of lodging, number of characteristics and connected activities.


It is to be noted that all the tables could not be constructed intotwo because of non-availability of data for each entry. In some tables only those entries could be provided which have full information like output intermediate consumption and Value Added.





















Constructed TSA Tables for Bangladesh


    Table 1: Inbound Tourism Consumption by Products

Expenditure at market price (Mil BDT)
Type of Expenditure Foreign Tourist Non-Resident Bangladeshi Total International Demand
Tourism characteristic Products :
Accommodation services 7454 845 8299
Food and Beverages 2029 1045 3074
Airways 747 2 749
Waterway 32 34 66
Railway 127 104 231
Bus/Taxi etc. 125 254 379
Total Transport Cost 1031 394 1425
Entertainment Cost 2319 254 2573
Sub Total 12833 2538 15371
Tourism connected products:
Tour related purchase 2242 250 2492
Purchase not related to tourism 2433 20 2453
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 258 11 269
Expense for Financial Service 75 54 129
Total monetary expenses made by others 90 33 123
ICT Expense 165 48 213
Medical Cost 445 42 487
International Ticket 0 9969 9969
Travel Agent 0 769 769
Insurance Cost 0 0 0
Shopping Cost 22040 2020 24060
Others Cost 2216 265 2481
Sub Total 29964 13481 43445
Grand Total 42797 16019 58816

Note: Please see the methodology for estimation procedure. No insurance cost has been mentioned by Foreign and Non-Residence Bangladeshi tourists.











Table 2: Domestic Tourism Consumption by products (at market price)

Indicator Average per head expenditure Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Tourism characteristic Products :
Accommodation services 598 2530
Restaurant & Beverages  cost 600 2539
Vehicle cost go for destination 647 2738
Others vehicle cost 151 639
Total Transport Cost 798 3377
Recreational 928 3927
Sub Total 2924 12373
Tourism connected products:
Non- Tourism related cost 392 1659
Health related 8499 35963
Others 92 389
Sub Total 8983 38011
Grand Total 11907 50384


























          Table2a: Domestic Tourism Consumption by purpose of travel

(At market price)
Purpose Of Tour Total cost of the tour
Average expenditure
            (Tk.)
leisure, recreation and holidays 3384
business, company job (less than one year) 3444
conference/meeting 3413
training/workshop 3394
shopping 3370
health treatment/ checkup 11901
religion, pilgrims 3439
school/college/university(less than one year) 3457
others 3421






































Table 3: Outbound Tourism Consumption by products
(Tourism Expenditure Pre-Trip)

Type of expenditure Average per head expenditure (TK.) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Accommodation services 986 388
Food and Beverages services 889 350
Airways 164 65
Waterway 199 78
Railway 598 236
Bus/Taxi etc. 510 201
Entertainment Cost 690 272
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1714 675
Purchase not related to tourism 560 221
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 373 147
Expense for Financial Service 365 144
Total monetary expenses made by others 246 97
ICT Expense 332 131
Health Medical Cost 321 126
International Ticket 64738 25497
Travel Agent 8349 3288
Insurance Cost 3525 1388
Shopping Cost 10888 4288
Others Cost 1432 564
TOTAL 96879 38156


























Table 3a: Outbound Tourism Consumption by products
(Tourism Expenditure Abroad)

     (Expenditure at market price)
Indicator Outbound
Average per head expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Tourism characteristics Products :
Accommodation services 17257 6797
Food and Beverages 15019 5915
Airways 164 64
Waterway 486 191
Railway 855 337
Bus/Taxi etc 1752 690
Total Transport Cost 3257 1282
Entertainment Cost 5795 2283
International Ticket 64738 25497
Travel Agent 8349 3288
Sub Total 114415 45062
Tourism connected products:
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1714 809
Purchase not related to tourism 151 59
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 84 33
Expense for Financial Service 365 144
Total monetary expenses made by others, 246 97
ICT Expense 332 131
Medical Cost 321 126
Insurance Cost 3525 1388
Shopping Cost 13265 5224
Others Cost 1803 710
Sub Total 21806 21806
Grand Total 136221 66868

Note: The expenditure incurred by outbound tourist on tourism is taken into account if this expenditure is done in different places in Bangladesh.













Table 4: Total Tourism Expenditures by Forms of Tourism
(Incorporating Pre-Trip Expenditure of Outbound Tourist)

(At market price( (Mil BDT)
Indicator Inbound tourism consumption Domestic tourism consumption Outbound tourism consumption Total tourism consumption
Tourism characteristics Products :
Accommodation services 1332 2530 388 4250
Food and Beverages 477 2539 350 3366
Airways 687 65 752
Waterway 29 78 107
Railway 116 236 352
Bus/Taxi etc 115 201 316
Total Transport Cost 947 3377 580 4904
Entertainment Cost 2232 3927 272 6431
International Ticket - - 25497 25497
Travel Agent - - 29452 29452
Sub Total 4988 12373 56539 73900
Tourism connected products:
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 2242 - 675 2917
Purchase not related to tourism 2433 1659 221 4313
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 258 - 147 405
Expense for Financial Service 75 - 144 219
Total monetary expenses made by others 90 - 97 187
ICT Expense 165 - 131 296
Health Related Cost 445 35963 126 36534
Insurance Cost 0 0 1388 1388
Shopping Cost 22040 - 4288 26328
Others Cost 2216 389 564 3169
Sub Total 29964 38011 7781 75756
Grand Total 42797 50384 64320 157501


















Table 4a: Total Tourism Expenditures by Forms of Tourism
(Incorporating Outbound Expenditure Abroad)

(At market price( (Mil BDT)
Indicator Inbound tourism consumption Domestic tourism consumption Outbound tourism consumption Total tourism consumption
Tourism characteristics Products :
Accommodation services 1332 2530 6797 10659
Food and Beverages 477 2539 5915 8931
Airways 687 64 751
Waterway 29 191 220
Railway 116 337 453
Bus/Taxi etc 115 690 805
Total Transport Cost 947 3377 1282 5606
Entertainment Cost 2232 3927 2283 8442
International Ticket - - 25497 25497
Travel Agent - - 3288 3288
Sub Total 4988 12373 45062 62423
Tourism connected products:
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 2242 - 809 3051
Purchase not related to tourism 2433 1659 59 4151
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 258 - 33 291
Expense for Financial Service 75 - 144 219
Total monetary expenses made by others 90 - 97 187
ICT Expense 165 - 131 296
Health Related Cost 445 35963 126 36534
Insurance Cost 0 0 1388 1388
Shopping Cost 22040 - 5224 27264
Others Cost 2216 389 710 3315
Sub Total 29964 38011 21806 89781
Grand Total 42797 50384 66868 160049

















Table 5: Production Account of the Tourism Industries

  (At market price) (Mil BDT)
Type of Expenditure Output Intermediate Consumption Value Added
Tourism characteristics Products :
Accommodation service 73451 2078 71373
Food and Beverages 59709 207 59501
Total Local transport
Airways
Water way
Land way (Bus, Train etc.)
57197
17385
535790
39742
9124
188269
17455
8261
347522
Total Entertainment (approx) 95645 385 95260
Travel Agency 42338 2781 39557
Tour Operator 4262 465 3797
Hajj Agency 35066 474 34592
Liquor House 3665 1 3664
Resort 1653 197 1456
Tourism connected products:
ICT  expenses 131984 2929 129055
Health related (approx.) 171230 19806 151424
Wine Bars 2576151 1375481 1200670
Insurance expenses 38564 23059 15505
Whole sale & Retail Trade 1353340 46504 1306836































Table 5a: Tourism Industry Ratio

Industries Inbound tourism consumption Domestic tourism consumption Outbound tourism consumption Total tourism consumption
Tourism characteristic Products :
Accommodation service 0.09861 0.187299 0.503191 0.7891
Food and Beverages 0.007989 0.042523 0.099064 0.149575
Total transport:
Airways 0.012011 0.001119 0.01313
Water way 0.001668 0.010986 0.012655
Land way(Railway, bus) 0.000215 0.006303 0.001288 0.007805
Total Entertainment 0.023336 0.041058 0.023869 0.088264
Travel Agents 0.07766 0.07766
Tourism connected products:
Health related 0.002599 0.210027 0.000736 0.213362

Table 6: Tourism Value Added

   (At market price) (Mil BDT)
Industries Inbound Tourism Domestic Tourism Outbound Tourism Total Tourism value added Total Non-Tourism value added Total value added
Tourism characteristics Products :
Accommodation Services 851.01 1616.40 4342.58 6810.01 1820.08
8630.10
Food and beverage 475.34 2530.18 5894.46 8899.98 50601.67
59501.66
Land (Bus, Train, and Taxi etc.) 74.72 2190.43 447.61 2712.75 344809.2

347522
Waterways 13.78 90.75 104.53 8156.46 8261
Airways 209.65 19.53 229.18 17225.82 17455
Travel agencies and similar 3072.052 3072.052 36485.66
Entertainment 2223.01 3911.18 2273.81 8408.01 86852.23 95260.24
Sub Total 3847.51 10248.19 16140.79 30236.51 545951.1 536630
Tourism connected products:
Medical and Health Related 393.551 31803.13 111.4481 32308.13 119115.9
151424
Sub Total 393.551 31803.13 111.4481 32308.13 119115.9 151424
Grand Total 4241.061 42051.32 16252.24 62544.64 665067 688054

























Table 6a: Tourism contribution in GDP

VA from Transport margin (mil BDT) 477614
Total Tourism Value Added (mil BDT) 631662
Gross Domestic Product (mil BDT) 7874950
Direct contribution of tourism in GDP (mil BDT) 157501 (1.26%)
Tourism output multiplier 1.056
Direct and Indirect contribution of tourism in GDP (mil BDT) 166321.05 (1.33%)



Table 7: Tourism Employment

Tourism specific jobs Total number of jobs Tourism specific jobs
Tourism characteristics Products :
Accommodation services 69802 36731
Food and beverage serving services 418511 51938
Total local transport 4000000 247680
Travel agencies and similar 27182 4111
Other recreational and entertainment activities 67000 14606
Sub Total 4582495 355066
Tourism connected products:
Health related 430000 121166
Sub Total 430000 121166
Grand Total 5012495 476232




Table 7a: Tourism contribution in Employment

Direct Share of Tourism (%) in total job 4.13%
Tourism Employment Multiplier 1.065
Direct and Indirect Share of tourism 4.39%
Direct and Indirect share of Tourism in Total number of jobs 551922















Chapter 5

Key challenges and Recommendations

As byproducts, several key challenges as well recommendations have arisen from our survey findings. These are delineated below.

The main challenges for developing the Bangladesh Tourism Satellite Accounts (BTSA) are non-availability and insufficiency of necessary data. Some issues have practically no data or hidden somewhere. Lack of data on the composition of Inbound and Outbound tourism consumption by products is a problem. There is also lack of data on the composition of tourism packages. Data on some surveys like Hotel & Restaurant Survey, Transport Surveys, and Labor Force Survey etc are very much aggregated and it becomes too problematic to fit into disaggregated forms of TSA.

The present Pilot Tourism Account (TSA) is the first ever attempt for Bangladesh. Naturally, the first ever attempt has faced many hurdles and obstacles which needed several rounds of further attempts for being overcome fully or partially. Besides fragmentations and scatterings of data in terms of time, sources and aggregation, the present assignment had to face lots of turmoil’s caused by external factors which impeded the pace of progress. However, based on ideas gathered and experiences gained through this first attempt, we may provide some identified challenges accompanied by recommendations as deemed rational and reasonable. These are presented below in a tabular form.


Areas of challenges Challenges Present Recommendations to overcome the challenges
1. Organizational context 1.  No formal Advisory Committee of Tourism Satellite Account 1. Form a Central Advisory Committee for TSA. Such a committee should be comprised of different Ministries, Bangladesh Bank, Academics and other Experts.
2. Compilation of Data 1. Severe dearth of Data and Inventory system.
Too much aggregation of available data hinder to fill up TSA because it needs disaggregated information by its construction 1. Special cell at the Bangladesh Bureau of statistics or in some other Ministry for compiling data on a regular basis.
2. Improve availability of data in SNA system of National Accounts.
a) Production and employment at a higher level of disaggregation
b) Consumption data of tourism should be collected in disaggregated form by products.
3. Conduct regular surveys on Inbound, Outbound and Domestic Tourism.
4. Strong co-ordination is needed among different organs like central Body, Immigration Authorities, All bodies related to tourism, BBS & other Ministries.
5. Develop system of strong information on relevant tourism issues like Second homes, Resorts, Khamar Bari, Bagan Bari.
6. Government and other organizational tourism information should be poured in a particular location (cell) in a mandatory way.
3.Co-ordination and co-cooperativeness 1. Due to absence of integration among different stakeholders, appropriate data are not stored. 1. Encourage private initiatives.
2. Create interactive strategies encompassing supply chain members, travel & tour operators, agencies and guides etc.

Inter- Organizational Commitment

A committed and strong culture of co-ordination and collaboration among concerned agencies is a prerequisite at the onset of developing satellite account. An efficient networking system among key agencies is very much needed and imperative for developing a TSA.
It is also of utmost importance to maintain network with other economies for facilitating exchange of information and experiences.

Capacity Building

Imparting training to compiler and data producers must be a continuous process. Compilers must be equipped with appreciation that data compiled are of great use to the decision making process for enhancing Tourism activities.

Allocation of Financial Resources

Continuation of development of TSA needs establishing linkages among agencies, building capability of personnel involved and sufficiency in manpower. Pursuit of statistical initiatives for conducting new surveys, improving administrative records and processing new data need allocation of resources as a crucial factor.

Obvious strategies to address these data gaps and the shortcomings of existing data sources include the improvement of existing systems of administrative records including the revision of existing forms to provide the desired levels of disaggregation, more timely dissemination of survey results. Conduct new surveys or enhance existing survey to capture information and details needed by the TSA or to expand survey coverage, search for other existing data sources. Processing of data which have been collected but have not erstwhile been processed and seeking greater cooperation of data suppliers are very important.

The initial stages of the TSA compilation point to the need to give priority attention to statistics on domestic tourism.

Statistical Initiatives

Based on the initial experience in the compilation of the TSA, the following activities are expected to be undertaken.

• Development and sustained enhancement of standard classification systems for tourism.
• Improved coverage taking into account the developed classification systems on tourism products and industries.
• Improved existing data sources and availability of new data sources, both survey-and administrative-based.
• Refined estimates in consideration of improved data availability and resolved conceptual issues.
• More frequent and more regular compilation of TSA aggregates.
• Organized TSA metadata considering the WTO-proposed standard formats and
• Continuous strengthening of inter-agency coordination.

Parallel to these undertaking is the commitment of the concerned agencies to advocate and promote tourism within the country as well as in the global environment.

The need for support

While the importance of a reliable tourism statistical system and a sound TSA for the country are no doubt a commitment, a steady support from the various stakeholders is essential towards the realization of these goals.


























Limitations of the Data Used in the Compilation of the Pilot TSA

TSA AGGREGATES VARIABLES LIMITATIONS OF THE AVAILABLE DATA PROPOSED ACTIVITIES TO ADDRESS CONCERNS
1.Inbound tourism consumption expenditures a. Expenditure of inbound tourist on the service charge for packaged tours

b. Expenditure of inbound tourists on passenger transport a. Data are not disaggregated into the service charge of the packaged tour operators and the other components of tourism consumption expenditure (e.g., air fare, hotels, tour visits, etc.)

Survey the travel agencies and/or tour operators
2.Domestic tourism consumption expenditures a. Expenditure of domestic tourists by item

b. Expenditure of domestic tourists on passenger transport
Respondents of the survey are limited
To provide the disaggregation on the data on a wider scale
3. Tourism consumption expenditures in kind (transfers) a. Amount by types of transfers a. There is no breakdown of fees reported into inbound and domestic tourism
a. Request the agencies to provide the data properly disaggregated

DATA GAPS IN THE COMPILATION OF THE TSA

DATA GAPS TO BE ADDRESSED VARIABLES REMARKS
- Under coverage on the
estimation of internal
tourism consumption
 expenditures 1. Inbound tourism consumption of tourists on equipment, rental services, ICT services SUT &I-0 framework should include information
2. Tourism expenditures of same-day visitors (domestic and if any, inbound visitors) May be integrated into the existing surveys
3. Pre-travel consumption expenditures of residents going abroad An outbound tourism survey over long period is a possibility
4. Tourism expenditures of households on behalf of tourists May be requested to form part of HIES
5. Tourism business expenses Should be mandatory to compile
6. Other tourism consumption expenditures on social transfers in kind Other than the individual non-market services.
7. Outbound tourism consumption expenditures May be sourced from the WTO database, BOP
-No estimate of TVA yet 1. Variables from the national accounts and input-output account Need to be studied and made available in disaggregated form


























Chapter 6

Conclusion

The present assignment on compiling Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) for Bangladesh Economy was based on two types of Survey data. One type was Primary data collected through conducting Face to Face interview. For this purpose respondents were selected at Household level as subsample of HIES 2010. Another type of respondents for face-to-face interview were tourists at 22 preselected tourist spots, departing travelers at selected three Airports and 9 Land ports. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered. Secondary data were collected from Establishments which cater needs of tourists. Among many, five categories of establishments namely, Travel Agents, TourOperators, Hajj Agents, Liquor houses and Resorts/Vacation homes were included.

It is believed that the findings of the present first ever attempt for Pilot TSA will pave the ways for further rounds which are inevitable for compiling the complete TSA for Bangladesh Economy.

It is admitted that several things are missing due to non-availability of data. However, the present completed amount of work will provide guidelines for furthering the tasks of compiling 10 TSA Tables for Bangladesh economy. Lessons learnt in the present attempt will facilitate the future courses of action for further rounds.

It is universally admitted that tourism statistics are too much scattered. Thus, it hinders the smooth collection of data which delays the entire process. This is truer in the case of Bangladesh. Whatever results so far obtained show very clearly that tourism sector has high demand for goods and services. It keeps enormous contributions in GDP, Value added and Employment. Present findings clearly demonstrate that there are tremendous potentials and possibilities for the tourism sector to contribute massively for achieving MDGs of economic sector of Bangladesh.

The results point to the fact that tourism is an important sector in the Bangladesh economy. Thus, it is imperative to prepare TSA regularly. In the household surveys, there is always a possibility of underestimation due to the recall problem. It can be further improved if the survey targets tourists while on trip.
Data on the supply side of TSA has been taken from the National Accounts Statistics. For most of these industries, data are not readily available in NAS as it is required for TSA framework.

 For TSA, passenger and transport services are disaggregated into road, air and water transport services. Within road transport, there are buses, other mechanized vehicles and non-mechanized vehicles.

The Domestic Tourism Survey and International Passenger Survey were the first such attempt. These efforts have highlighted the areas where intensive work needs to be undertaken to compile systematic data on tourism.

The report needs to be seen as a part of continuing efforts towards strengthening the Tourism statistical network within the country.

It has been estimated that Tourism has kept 1.26% direct contribution to GDP during 2011-12 and 1.33% is the direct & indirect contribution. In job creation also Tourism has kept substantial contribution. While 4.13% is the direct contribution of Tourism in job creation 4.39% is the combined direct and indirect contribution.
It is very fervently expected that improvement in tourism sector in its various dimensions will enable to cherish dormant social and economic benefits. Keeping in view that Tourism sector is a very vital economic sector, constant changes in Tourism policies need to be reformed and restructured to make the sector more dynamics and flourishing. For accelerating pace of progress in various dimensions of Bangladesh Economy, tourism sector can work as a stimulant because of its links with various sectors of the Economy.




































 
Appendix A
Additional Tabulation

Main Aggregates

Table 1. Main Aggregates by Industries (Market Price)
[Tk.]
Industry Gross output Total intermediate consumption Value Added
Hotels:

1. Hotels, Rooming houses Private 64963496 22917912 42045584
2. Hotels, Rooming houses govt./semi govt. 17474887 11158984 6315903
3.Non-govt. 47117693 11751736 35365957
4.Hotels, Rooming houses (others) 17427964 11404195 6023769
Restaurant & Bars

1.Wine Bars 2576151 1375481 1200670
Restaurant & Non-Residential hotels 6806716 3832149 2974567
1.Private 17656799 11179266 6477533
2.Govt/ Semi govt. 159925249 116186023 43739226
3.Non-govt 79808 77116 2692
4.Others























Table 1a. Main Aggregates by expenditure heads

Type of Expenditure Total Intermediate Consumption Average
Tourism characteristics Products :

Accommodation service 597473.35 8280.35 51193
Food and Beverages 187044723 132650035 54394688
Total Local transport
Airport
Water way
Bus, Taxi etc
8318
49610
638029
1268
3853
213222
7050
45757
424807
Tourism connected products:
Health related 205740 19806.26 185934





































Table 2. Scenario of Availability of tourist at household level






No Division Number Of Households Contacted During Listing Number Of Households Having Tourist During Last One Year
Municipality SMA Rural Total Municipality SMA Rural Total
1 Dhaka 4960 1984 3968 10912 1815 154 616 2585
2 Chittagong 1377 1367 1715 4459 518 123 210 851
3 Khulna 1791 623 1408 3822 655 75 160 890
4 Rajshahi 1835 1148 2983 325 170 495
5 Barisal 1302 497 1799 227 79 306
6 Sylhet 2226 990 3216 790 45 835
7 Rangpur 744 1238 1982 97 135 232
Total 14235 3974 10964 29173 4427 352 1415 6194
Total Urban 18209 4479

































Table 3. Statistics for outbound tourist at Household Level



Consolidated Tables



Area Number of outbound Tourists Total number of Households Tour Abroad
Urban 447 2529 17.67%
Rural 173 1231 14.05%
Total 620 3760 16.49%


Table 4: Scenario of Inbound Visitor Exports
Year Number of Foreign Tourist Arrivals (million) Visitor Exports BDT ban % of total
2011 390 6.9 0.5

Source: WTTC- 2012


Table 5: Domestic Scenario on Tourism
Year Estimated Number of Domestic Visitor (in 000) Domestic Expenditure on Tourism(BDT ban)
2011 ? 299.2

Source: WTTC- 2012

Table 6: Expenditure on outbound Travel
Year Expenditure on outbound travel (BDT ban)

2011 49.9

Source: WTTC- 2012

Table 7: Scenario of Inbound Tourism Consumption
Year Visitor Export + Domestic Expenditure + Govt spending (BDT bn)
2011 307.2

Source: WTTC- 2012


Table 8: Direct Contribution of Travel and Tourism to GDP
Year Contribution (BDT bn) % of Total GDP
2011 182.5 2.2

Source: WTTC- 2012


Table 9: Total Contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP
Year Total Contribution BDP bn % of total GDP
2011 381.6 4.7

Source: WTTC- 2012

Table 10: Composition of Spending on Travel & Tourism
Year Purpose (Inbound + Domestic) Amount(BDT bn) % of Direct Contribution
2011 Leisure
Business 214.6
92.0 70.1
29.9

Source: WTTC- 2012

Table 11: Indirect and Induced Contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP
Year Indirect Contribution
(BDT bn) Induced Contribution
(BDT bn) Total
(BDT bn)
2011 15.9 78.5 94.4

Source: WTTC- 2012

Table 12: Contribution of Travel and Tourism on Employment
Year Direct Contribution (in 000 number) Indirect & Induced Contribution (in 000) Total Contribution
2011 1328.9 1551.5 2880.4

Source: WTTC- 2012
























Land Ports



Name of port Year FY
2011-2012
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Benapole 43491 36298 50727 58138 61044 59591
Akhaura 14314 11952 12138 1280 1344 1312
Other 6719 19149 21654 34003 35704 34853
Total 64524 67399 84519 93421 98092 95756



Airports

Name of port Year FY
2011-2012
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport
96337
75085
55492
78994 82944 80969
Shah Amanat International Airport
23225
21403
31382
28799 30239 29519
Osmani International Airport
1638
1328
1790
2582 2711 2647
Total 121200 97816 88664 110375 115894 113135






 
Household

Table 1. Percentage distribution of respondents by personal characteristics

Rural Urban
N% Average N % Average
Gender Male 90.6% 88.3%
Female 9.4% 11.7%
Family Size 5 5
Age 30 33
Education uneducated .0% .0%
under SSC 11.3% 8.5%
SSC 28.1% 31.5%
HSC 22.5% 18.0%
vocational .2% .3%
graduate or post graduate 18.2% 17.9%
others 19.6% 23.8%
Occupation service provider 9.3% 10.8%
production 7.8% 1.2%
Clark 4.2% 5.8%
employee 8.4% 38.2%
sales man 8.2% 6.2%
farmer 25.7% 6.8%
labor 21.6% 8.3%
others 14.8% 22.7%
Average Income Per Month (Tk.) 8735 8484
Average Family Income (Tk.) 11484 11235
Average Total Expenses (Tk.) 10184 9934















Table 1a. Percentage distribution of total respondents by personal
Characteristics

N % Average
Gender Male 89.3%
Female 10.7%
Family Size 5
Age 32(years)
Education uneducated .0%
under SSC 9.8%
SSC 30.0%
HSC 20.0%
vocational .2%
graduate or post graduate 18.0%
others 22.0%
Occupation service provider 10.1%
production 4.1%
Clark 5.1%
employee 25.1%
sales man 7.1%
farmer 15.1%
labor 14.1%
others 19.3%
Average Income Per Month (Tk.) 8594
Average Family Income per month (Tk.) 11344
Average Total Expenses per month (Tk.) 10044





















Table 2: Percentage distribution of respondents by main purpose of tour residence

Purpose Of Tour Rural Urban
leisure, recreation and holidays 11.8% 11.3%
business, company job (less than one year) 12.7% 10.7%
conference/meeting 11.7% 10.0%
training/workshop 9.9% 12.9%
shopping 11.7% 10.7%
health treatment/ checkup 9.1% 10.8%
religion, pilgrims 10.2% 10.8%
school/college/university(less than one year) 11.5% 12.2%
others 11.3% 10.8%


Table 2a: Percentage distribution of all respondents by main purpose of tour


Purpose Of Tour N %
leisure, recreation and holidays 11.51%
business, company job (less than one year) 11.57%
conference/meeting 10.74%
training/workshop 11.57%
shopping 11.16%
health treatment/ checkup 10.04%
religion, pilgrims 10.51%
school/college/university(less than one year) 11.87%
others 11.04%










 
Table 3: Percentage distribution of respondents by types of transport used

Transport Type Rural Urban
bus 31.0% 58.8%
school bus .8% .0%
rental car 3.8% 3.3%
water way 36.1% 6.8%
train 25.2% 23.6%
plain .0% 2.5%
personal car 2.8% 3.9%
others .2% 1.0%



Table 3a: Percentage distribution of total respondents by types of transport used & main transport used

Indicator Main transports
Bus 46.6%
School Bus 0.33%
Rental car/Bus 3.55%
Launch/Steamer 19.7%
Train 24.3%
Aircraft 1.4%
Personal car 3.45%
Others 0.67%



















Table 4. Percentage distribution of total respondents by number of Nights spent and Place of stay

Rural Urban
Total number of nights stay on that tour 1 26.7% 50.4%
2 44.6% 18.6%
3 15.9% 14.3%
4 8.3% 8.2%
5 4.4% 8.5%
Where did you stay on the night hotel 46.1% 63.7%
guest house 8.9% 1.9%
apartment 1.8% .4%
others 43.2% 34.0%
Average Number of nights spent on the tour 2 2

Table 4a. Percentage distribution of total respondents by number of Nights spent and Place of stay


N %
total number of nights stay on that tour 1 40.00%
2 30.00%
3 15.00%
4 8.27%
5 6.73%
where did you stay on the night hotel 55.98%
guest house 5.00%
apartment 1.01%
others 38.01%
Average Number of nights spent on the tour 2















Table 5. Percentage distribution of respondents by package tour


Rural Urban
Tour by any travel agency Yes 3.3% 4.8%
No 96.7% 95.2%
Average Total cost paid to travel agency per package tour(TK) 10240 10222




Table 5a. Percentage distribution of total respondents by package tour

Indicator %
Package tour: Yes
No 4.22%
95.88%
Money paid to Tour operator: Average (TK) 10300
































Table 6: Average Expenditure breakdown by types by place of residence

Rural Urban
Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT) Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Total cost of the tour 4090 94874.29 4245 8115.64
Accommodation cost 598 13871.59 597 1141.35
Restaurant & Beverages  cost 596 13825.20 604 1154.73

Transport Cost 648 15031.42 646 1235.03
Other Transport Cost 151 3502.69 152 290.59
Shopping Cost 397 9209.07 388 741.78
Entertainment Cost 934 21665.67 924 1766.51
Medical 8643 200488.65 8404 16066.87
Others Cost 93 2157.28 92 175.88



Table 6a: Total Average Expenditure breakdown by types of household

Indicator Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Average Total cost of the tour 4177 17675
Accommodation cost 598 2530
Restaurant & Beverages  cost 600 2539
Transport Cost 647 2738
Other Transport Cost 151 639
Shopping Cost 392 1659
Entertainment Cost 928 3927
Medical 8499 35963
Others Cost 92 389















Tourists at tourist spots


Table 1. Percentage distribution of tourists by country of residence and by
Districts within Bangladesh

Indicator %
Country of residence:
Bangladesh
97
India 0.07
Others 2.3




Table 2: Percentage distribution of respondents by personal characteristics

N % Average
Sex male 88.3%
female 11.7%
Age 37
Education uneducated .0%
under SSC 7.0%
SSC 36.0%
HSC 23.0%
vocational .0%
graduate or post graduate 21.0%
others 13.0%
Profession Professional/technical (teacher, lawyer, doctor, engineer) 13.0%
Administrative/managerial 8.0%
Clerical worker 7.0%
service worker 2.0%
sales worker] 41.0%
agriculture, forestry and fisheries .7%
production and transport laborer 11.0%
others 17.3%
Average Income Per Month (Tk.) 16922
Average Family Income per month (Tk.) 22003
Average Total Expenses per month (Tk.) 16083



Table 3: Average Expenditure breakdown by types

Indicator Average expenditure (TK)
Total cost of the tour 6495
Accommodation Cost 353
Food Cost 500
Transport Cost 1005
Other Transport Cost 249
Tour Related Shopping Cost 95
Shopping Cost Not Related 55
Recreational 49
Artistic 25
Sports 55
Medical Cost 603
Others 499


Table 4. Scenarios of Average Tourism Expenditure for Household Vs    Tourist at
                  Tourist Spots

Household
Tourist at Tourist Spots
[Tk.] [Tk.]
Total cost of the tour 4177 6495
Accommodation Cost 598 353
Food Cost 600 500
Transport Cost 647 1005
Other Transport Cost 151 249
Tour Related Shopping Cost 392 95
Shopping Cost Not Related - 55
Recreational 928 49
Artistic - 25
Sports - 55
Medical Cost 8499 603
other 92 499













Pure Establishment

Table 1. Percentage distribution of Establishments by Ownership.


Ownership Status Types of establishment
Travel Agency Travel operator Hajj Agency Liquor House Khamarbari and Resort
N % Count N % Count N % Count N % Count N % Count
Sole proprietor 51.1% 23 59.4% 19 60.5% 26 66.7% 4 72.7% 16
Domestic Partnership 48.9% 22 40.6% 13 39.5% 17 33.3% 2 27.3% 6
Foreign Partnership .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0
Private LTD .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0
Others .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0







Table3. Number of job holders and salaries by types of establishments (2011-12)
Establishment & Designation Number of Employees Salaries & Benefits
Full-time Part-time Total Salary (Tk.) Others Benefit Overtime Accident Total
M F M F M F M F M F M F
Travel Agent:
Administrator 44 16 11 7 459 9240000 2976000 769692 247900 54380 13287972
Workers 363 4 4 2 63858000 1044000 5139370 86960 70128330
Daily casual –
worker 9 3 1 1 1320000 456000 1776000
Others 7 3 1 1 768000 384000 1152000
Tour Operator:
Administrator- 32 6 269 6297600 1022400 526479 85740 18670 7950889
Workers 207 1 26330400 122400 2201220 10230 28664250
Daily casual –
worker 9 3 864000 288000 1152000
Others 7 3 1 1 806400 401600 1208000
Hajj Agents:
Administrator- 45 2 210 7614000 661650 8275650
Workers 146 17169600 1492040 18661640
Daily casual –
worker 9 928800 928800
Others 7 1 576000 576000
Liquor house:
Administrator- 11 137 2904000 248580 3152580
Workers
Daily casual – 97 16878000 1444750 18322750
worker 9 17 2652000 2652000
Others 3 230400 230400
Resort:
Administrator- 19 6 379 5016000 1440000 1504800 432000 8392800
Workers
Daily casual – 290 43 45240000 516000 45756000
worker
Others 12 9 1152000 648000 1800000

Table 3a. Blown up Number of job holders and salaries by types of establishments
2011-2012
Totalemployeement Total salary (Mil BDT) job holders per establishment Salary per  establishment
(Mil BDT)
Travel Agency 4287 807 10 1.96
Tour Operator 1682 7227 8 4.29
Hajj Agents 2784 14984 4 5.38
Liquor house 2215 2198 23 0.99
Resort 2636 7865 17 2.98






Table 4. Expenditure breakdown for items other than salaries & other Compensations (2011-12)

Types of Establishment Expenditure type Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Travel Agency Office Rent Own 296000 122
Office Rent 260000 107
Purchase For Sales 488965 201
Electricity 28240 12
Maintenance 10620 4
Stationary 29615 12
Water Service 4638 2
Advertisement 40428 17
Commission Insurance 19964 8
Dress 3340 1
Telecommunication 64554 27
Transportation 53430 22
Lenience Fee 23600 10
Entertainment 38385 16
Cleaning 28615 12
Total 1390394 571
Total Service Provided 1372 1







Types of Establishment Expenditure type Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Tour operator Office Rent Own 660000 132
Office Rent 630000 126
Purchase For Sales 78900 15.78
Electricity 138900 27.78
Maintenance 69451 13.8902
Stationary 16680 3.336
Water Service 14584 2.9168
Advertisement 250020 50.004
Commission Insurance 28900 5.78
Dress 27828 5.5656
Telecommunication 118736 23.7472
Transportation 153360 30.672
Lenience Fee 33600 6.72
Entertainment 84347 16.8694
Cleaning 18931 3.7862
Total 2324237 464.8474
Total Service Provided 1785 0.357



























Types of Establishment Expenditure type Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Hajj Agency Office Rent Own 226897 129.3313
Office Rent 186000 106.02
Purchase For Sales 127985 72.95145
Electricity 21396 12.19572
Maintenance 10698 6.09786
Stationary 25675 14.63475
Water Service 23600 13.452
Advertisement 38512 21.95184
Commission Insurance 21616 12.32112
Dress 6680 3.8076
Telecommunication 28522 16.25754
Transportation 51350 29.2695
Lenience Fee 5900 3.363
Entertainment 34235 19.51395
Cleaning 22814 13.00398
Total 831880 474.1716
Total Service Provided 570 0.3249




























Types of Establishment Expenditure type Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Liquor House Office Rent Own 960000 93.12
Office Rent 768000 74.496
Purchase For Sales 1875926 181.9648
Electricity 41960 4.07012
Maintenance 28960 2.80912
Stationary 21856 2.120032
Water Service 42900 4.1613
Advertisement 0 0
Commission Insurance 32684 3.170348
Dress 52340 5.07698
Telecommunication 27955 2.711635
Transportation 73950 7.17315
Lenience Fee 27940 2.71018
Entertainment 32660 3.16802
Cleaning 56940 5.52318
Total 4044071 392.2749
Total Service Provided 12980 1.25906



























Types of Establishment Expenditure type Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Khamarbari and Resort Office Rent Own 298638 45.69161
Office Rent 268225 41.03843
Purchase For Sales 91851 14.0532
Electricity 21929 3.355137
Maintenance 80479 12.31329
Stationary 26473 4.050369
Water Service 23979 3.668787
Advertisement 37836 5.788908
Commission Insurance 26695 4.084335
Dress 22774 3.484422
Telecommunication 101390 15.51267
Transportation 129731 19.84884
Lenience Fee 43600 6.6708
Entertainment 84527 12.93263
Cleaning 28323 4.333419
Total 1286450 196.8269
Total Service Provided 18260 2.79378

























Table5. Scenarios of Incomes earned by establishments

Types of Establishment Types of Income 2010-2011 2011-2012
Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT) Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Travel Agency Income From Package 997560 410.00 738400 303.48
Income From Ticket 579310 238.10 887400 364.72
Income From Recruiting 5288160 2173.43 5852880 2405.53
Income From Guide Service 2379470 977.96 2633790 1082.49
Income From Transport 1859250 764.15 1356280 557.43
Income From Service 0 0.00 0.00
Income From Souvenir 2926440 1202.77 2644080 1086.72
Income From Others 0 0.00 0.00
Total 14030190 5766.41 14112830 5800.37
Tour Operator Income From Package 4800000 960 4800000 960
Income From Ticket 529500 105 5300000 1060
Income From Recruiting 137250 27 728400 145
Income From Guide Service 183530 36 359200 71
Income From Transport 225720 45 239270 47
Income From Service 0 0 0
Income From Souvenir 126390 25 137350 27
Income From Others 2926440 585 2644080 529
Total 8928830 1786 14208300 2842
Hajj Agency Income From Package 37600000 21432 26000000 14820
Income From Ticket 3057140 1743 3051190 1739
Income From Recruiting 6179910 3523 6505320 3708
Income From Guide Service 1839250 1048 1356280 773
Income From Transport 529500 301 728400 415
Income From Service 0 0 0
Income From Souvenir 2379670 1356 2633790 1501
Income From Others 997560 568 738400 421
Total 52583030 29972.33 41013380 23378


Liquor House Income From Package 17500000 105 21375000 128
Income From Ticket 0 0 0 0
Income From Recruiting 0 0 0 0
Income From Guide Service 0 0 0 0
Income From Transport 0 0 0 0
Income From Service 1638200 10 1879810 11
Income From Souvenir 0 0 0 0
Income From Others 1375700 8 1938700 12
Total 20513900 123 25193510 151
Khamarbari and resort Income From Package 4757290 728 5353190 819
Income From Ticket 0 0 0 0
Income From Recruiting 0 0 0 0
Income From Guide Service 0 0 0 0
Income From Transport 0 0 0 0
Income From Service 0 0 0 0
Income From Souvenir 126390 19 137350 21
Income From Others 1697530 260 1712600 262
Total 6581210 1007 7203140 1102


























Table6. Gross Output, Intermediate consumption and value Added at Establishment Level for 2011-12

Name of Establishment Gross Output Intermediate Consumption Value Added
Estimated country wide  (Mil BDT) Estimated country wide  (Mil BDT) Estimated country wide  (Mil BDT)
Travel Agency 5800.37 571 5229.37
Tour Operator 4262 465 3797
Hajj Agency 35066 474 34592
Liquor House 3666 1 3665
Resort 1653 197 1456
Total 50447.37 1708 48739.37

Note: Appropriate weighting using Inverse of probability in each case was adopted to get an
Estimate of population.

Table7. Estimated Total Employment, Salaries & other benefits

Name of Establishment 2011-12
Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Travel Agency 25500 215860.75
Tour Operator 1682 7795.02
Hajj Agents 2784 16211.99
Liquor house 2215 2362.69
Resort 2636 8560.16

Note: Appropriate weighting using Inverse of probability in each case was adopted to get an        estimate of population.

Table 8. Number of service recipients by types of establishment during 2011-2012

Types of Establishment Total Service Recipients
Average expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Travel Agency 1372 3.43
Tour Operator 1785 0.35
Hajj Agency 570 0.32
Liquor House 12980 1.26
Khamarbari and Resort 18260 2.79






Establishments at Tourist Spots



Table 1. Percentage distribution of Establishments by legal classification

(At base of 22 spot and 110 establishment) Legal Classification
Govt. Approved Unapproved Others
Count Count Count
Types of establishment Duty free shop 10 21 2
Souvenir shop 3 21 2
Hotel 1 10 3
Restaurant 4 8 3
Tea Stall 4 15 3





Table 1a. Percentage distribution of Establishments by types


Percentage
Types of establishment Duty free shop 30.0%
Souvenir shop 23.6%
Hotel 12.7%
Restaurant 13.6%
Tea Stall 20.0%
Total 30.0%

Table 1b. Percentage distribution of Establishments by Ownership


Types of establishment
Duty free shop Souvenir shop Hotel Restaurant Tea Stall
Count      N % Count N % Count N % Count N % Count N %
Ownership Type Sole Proprietor 11 28.2% 10 25.6% 4 10.3% 6 15.4% 8 20.5%
Domestic Partnership 13 34.2% 7 18.4% 5 13.2% 7 18.4% 6 15.8%
Foreign Partnership 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0%
Private LTD 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0%
Others 9 27.3% 9 27.3% 5 15.2% 2 6.1% 8 24.2%






Table 2. Number of job holders and salaries by types of establishments (2011-12)

Establishment & Designation Number of Employees Salaries & Benefits
Full-time Part-time Total Salary (Tk.) Others Benefit Overtime Accident Total
M F M F M F M F M F M F
Duty free shop:
Administrator- 33 84 3183600 23800 11088 3218488
Workers 51 2972400 58200 10300 4670 3045570
Daily casual worker
Others
Souvenir shop:
Administrator- 34 112 2632200 5800 2638000
Workers 78 1848000 1848000
Daily casual – worker
Others
Hotel:
Administrator- 52 236 7810000 7810000
Workers 184 11224800 11224800
Daily casual – worker
Others
Restaurant:
Administrator 47 186 4850400 4850400
Workers 139 9136800 6600 9143400
Daily casual –
Worker
Others
Tea-Stall:
Administrator 33 54 3722400 1400 3723800
Workers 21 1513200 1513200
Daily casual – Worker
Others


















    Table 3. Expenditure breakdown for items other than salaries & other
      Compensations (2011-12)
Types of Establishment Types of cost Average(TK)
Duty free shop Rent Own 5779
Purchase For Sales 25055
Electricity 311
Stationary 63
Water Service 228
Advertisement .
Commission Insurance .
Loan Interest .
Telecommunication .
License Fee .
Entertainment And Medical .
Cleaning .
Legal Cost .
Tax .
Souvenir .
Others 2014
Total 33450

Souvenir shop Rent Own 5838
Purchase For Sales 25281
Electricity 330
Stationary 68
Water Service 231
Advertisement .
Commission Insurance .
Loan Interest .
Telecommunication .
License Fee .
Entertainment And Medical .
Cleaning .
Legal Cost .
Tax .
Souvenir .
Others 2002
Total 33750

Hotel Rent Own 56693
Purchase For Sales 56357
Electricity 914
Stationary 125
Water Service 419
Advertisement .
Commission Insurance .
Loan Interest .
Telecommunication .
License Fee .
Entertainment And Medical .
Cleaning .
Legal Cost .
Tax .
Souvenir .
Others 2045
Total 116553

Restaurant Rent Own 61620
Purchase For Sales 55947
Electricity 828
Stationary 257
Water Service 851
Advertisement .
Commission Insurance .
Loan Interest .
Telecommunication .
License Fee .
Entertainment And Medical .
Cleaning .
Legal Cost .
Tax .
Souvenir .
Others 2015
Total 121518






Tea Stall Rent Own 5636
Purchase For Sales 9905
Electricity 218
Stationary .
Water Service 98
Advertisement .
Commission Insurance .
Loan Interest .
Telecommunication .
License Fee .
Entertainment And Medical .
Cleaning .
Legal Cost .
Tax .
Souvenir .
Others 2057
Total 17914
































Table 4. Scenarios of Income earned by types of Establishments

Source of Income 2010-12 2011-12
(Tk.) (Tk.)
Duty free shops:
1.Sales of items
2.Other services
243340
261500
238740
274900
Total 504840 513640
Souvenir shops:
1.Sales of items
2.Other services
173266
39300
162580
35240
Total 212566 197820
Hotels:
1.Package service
2.Food & Beverage
234816
106667
263935
99400
Total 341483 363335
Restaurant:
1.Package service
2.Food & Beverage
3.Other services
274966
278738
67446
213000
252500
85860
Total 621150 551360
Tea-stall:
1.Food & Beverage
2.Other services
166927
74380
115756
49635
Total 241307 165391






Table 5. Gross Output, Intermediate consumption and value Added at Tourist Spots Establishment Level

Name of Establishment Gross Output
 (Mil BDT) Intermediate Consumption
(Mil. BDT) Value Added
(Mil. BDT)
Duty Free shop 513.64 512.22 1.42
Souvenir shop 420.52 418.55 1.97
Hotel 540.29 440.89 263.92
Restaurant 551.36 309.40 241.96
Tea-stall 406.69 199.04 207.65











All Foreign Tourists
[Land port + Airport]


Type of expenditure Average per head expenditure Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Accommodation services 28776 7454
Food and Beverages services 7831 2029
Airways 2884 747
Waterway 123 32
Railway 489 127
Bus/Taxi etc 482 125
Entertainment Cost 8951 2319
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 8656 2242
Purchase not related to tourism 9392 2433
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 997 258
Expense for Financial Service 291 75
Total monetary expenses made by others 347 90
ICT Expense 636 165
Health Medical Cost 1717 445
Shopping Cost 85084 22040
Others Cost 8553 2216
TOTAL 165210 42796



























All Departing Bangladeshi Resident
(Tourism Scenario Abroad)
(Airport + Land port)


Type of expenditure Average per head expenditure Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Accommodation cost 17257 6797
Food and Beverages 15019 5915
Airways 164 64
Waterway 486 191
Railway 855 337
Bus, Taxi, etc. 1752 690
Entertainment Cost 5795 2283
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1714 675
Purchase not related to tourism 151 59
Insurance Cost 3525 1388
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 84 33
Expense for Financial Service 365 144
Total monetary expenses made by others 246 97
ICT Expense 332 131
Medical Cost 321 126
International Ticket 64738 25497
Travel Agent 8349 3288
Shopping Cost 13265 5224
Others Cost 1803 710
Total 136221 53650





















All Departing Bangladeshi Resident
(Tourism Scenario Pre-Trip)
(Airport +Land port)


Type of expenditure Average per head expenditure Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Accommodation services 986 388
Food and Beverages services 889 350
Airways 164 65
Waterway 199 78
Railway 598 236
Bus/Taxi etc. 510 201
Entertainment Cost 690 272
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1714 675
Purchase not related to tourism 560 221
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 373 147
Expense for Financial Service 365 144
Total monetary expenses made by others 246 97
ICT Expense 332 131
Health Medical Cost 321 126
International Ticket 64738 25497
Travel Agent 74781 29452
Insurance Cost 3525 1388
Shopping Cost 10888 4288
Others Cost 1432 564
TOTAL 163311 64320






















All Departing Bangladeshi Non-Resident
(Airport +Land port)

Type of expenditure Average per head expenditure (TK) Estimated country wide expenditure (Mil BDT)
Accommodation cost 5861 845
Food and Beverages 7248 1045
Airways 14 2
Waterway 238 34
Railway 722 104
Bus, Taxi, etc. 1760 254
Entertainment Cost 1762 254
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1733 250
Purchase not related to tourism 139 20
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 76 11
Expense for Financial Service 374 54
Total monetary expenses made by others 228 33
ICT Expense 333 48
Medical Cost 291 42
International Ticket 69134 9969
Travel Agent 5334 769
Shopping Cost 14009 2020
Others Cost 1839 265
Total 111095 16020
























Foreign Tourist (Airport)



       Table 1. Percentage district distribution of respondent by purpose of Tour

Purpose of Tour N%
Please tell us about the main purpose of your visit to Bangladesh. Leisure, Recreation and holidays 8.6%
Visiting Friends and Relatives 12.4%
Business, company job (less than 1 year). 19.7%
Conference/meeting 7.9%
Training/workshop 8.6%
Shopping 11.7%
Health Treatment / checkup 4.1%
Religion, Pilgrims 8.9%
School/college/university (less than 1 year). 10.5%
Others 7.6%


Table 3.  Percentage district distribution of respondent by types of accommodation


Type of Accommodation N %
Hotel 26.3%
Guests house 20.3%
Apartment 26.0%
Others 27.3%
Average number of  nights spent per tourist 6























Table 4. Scenarios of expenditures of the trip of foreign airport

Expenditure Types Average cost per tourist (TK.) Total (TK)

Accommodation cost 32463 10225800
Food and Beverages 8363 2634500
Airways 9316 1052700
Waterway 240 11260
Railway 605 47210
Land (Bus, Taxi, etc.) 949 109090
Entertainment Cost 9943 3131900
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 9670 3045900
Purchase not related to tourism 10778 3395000
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 1103 347540
Expense for Financial Service 278 87590
Total monetary expenses made by others 270 85190
ICT Expenses 672 211780
Health Related Expenses 3124 596700
Shopping Cost 98168 30923000
Others Cost 9601 3024410
Total 195543 58929570





























Foreign Tourist (Inbound, Land port)



Table 1. Percentage distribution of respondent by country of residence


Country of residence N %
BANGLADESH 39.0%
INDIA 32.9%
OTHERS 28.0%


Table 2. Percentage district distribution of respondent by purpose of tour

Indicator N%
Leisure, Recreation and holidays. 20.7%
Visiting Friends and Relatives 58.5%
Business, company job (less than 1 year). 2.4%
Conference/meeting 2.4%
Training/workshop 4.9%
Shopping 4.9%
Health Treatment / checkup 1.2%
Religion, Pilgrims .0%
School/college/university (less than 1 year). 1.2%
Others (specify) 3.7%




Table 3.  Percentage district distribution of respondent by types of accommodation of & number of nights spent


Accommodation Type N %
where did you stay on the night Hotel 64.6%
Guests House 18.3%
Apartment 2.4%
Others 14.6%
Average number of nights stay on that tour 2 nights











Table 4. Scenarios of expenditures of the trip of foreign tourist land port


Expenditure type Average cost per tourist (TK.) Total (TK)

Accommodation 3382 277365
Food and Beverages 2731 223951
Airways . .
Waterway 410 33620
Railway 1600 131200
bus, taxi, etc. 815 66830
Entertainment Cost 1650 135300
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1385 113570
Purchase not related to tourism 403 33006
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 200 16400
Expense for Financial Service 225 18450
Total monetary expenses made by others 508 41615
ICT Expense 247 20295
Medical Cost 365 29930
Shopping Cost 1620 132840
Others Cost 1190 97580
Total 16731 1371952




























Departing Bangladeshi


Departing ResidentBangladeshi (Airport)


Table 1. Percentage distribution of respondents by personal Characteristic

Personal Characteristic N % Year
Sex Male 49.6%
Female 50.4%
Average age of respondents 38
Profession Professional/technical (teacher, lawyer, doctor, engineer) 13.9%
Administrative/managerial 12.5%
Clerical worker 10.6%
service worker 13.1%
sales worker] 14.5%
agriculture, forestry and fisheries 12.0%
production and transport laborer 11.4%
others 12.0%

Table2. Percentage distribution of respondents by purpose of tour andnumber of nights spent

Purpose Of Tour N % Average
Leisure, Recreation and holidays 17.8%
Visiting Friends and Relatives 10.3%
Business, company job (less than 1 year). 12.0%
Conference/meeting 9.5%
Training/workshop 8.4%
Shopping 12.0%
Health Treatment / checkup 7.8%
Religion, Pilgrims 9.2%
School/college/university (less than 1 year). 10.0%
Others 3.1%
Number of Nights spent on the tour 5 days








Table 3. Scenarios of expenditures of the trip per Departing Resident Bangladeshi
(Tourism Scenario Abroad)
(Airport)


Expenditure type Average cost per tourist (TK.) Total (TK)

Accommodation cost 19468 6989100
Food and Beverages 18218 6540100
Airways 4441 97699
Waterway 551 197800
Railway 890 319660
Bus, Taxi, etc. 2394 859370
Entertainment Cost 9107 3269300
International Ticket 106053 38073200
Travel Agent 8453 3034600
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1908 684900
Expense for Financial Service 481 172590
Total monetary expenses made by others 81 28900
ICT Expense 403 144740
Medical Cost 394 101600
Insurance Cost 9229 2104300
Shopping Cost 20947 7520000
Others Cost 2106 756180
Total 205124 70894039

























Table 3a. Scenarios of expenditures of the trip per Departing Resident Bangladeshi)
(Tourism Scenario Pre-Trip)
(Airport)



Expenditure type Average cost per tourist (TK.) Total (TK)

Accommodation cost 1011 362800
Food and Beverages 1040 373240
Airways 4441 97699
Waterway 129 26860
Railway 526 166220
Bus, Taxi, etc. 632 117530
Entertainment Cost 616 221120
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1908 684900
Purchase not related to tourism 680 244100
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 481 172650
Expense for Financial Service 481 172590
Total monetary expenses made by others 81 28900
ICT Expense 403 144740
Medical Cost 394 101600
International Ticket 106053 38073200
Travel Agent 19496 1949553
Insurance Cost 9229 2104300
Shopping Cost 16994 6100900
Others Cost 1490 534950
Total 308927 92423299





















Departing ResidentBangladeshi (Land port)




Table 1. Percentage distribution of respondents by personal characteristic

Personal Characteristic N % Year

Sex Male 100.0%
Female .0%
Average age of respondents 30
Profession Professional/technical (teacher, lawyer, doctor, engineer) 18.5%
Administrative/managerial 14.3%
Clerical worker 10.5%
service worker 16.0%
sales worker 19.7%
agriculture, forestry and fisheries 18.5%
production and transport laborer 2.5%
others .0%


Table2. Percentage distribution of respondents by purpose of tour

Purpose of tour %
Leisure, Recreation and holidays 10.9%
Visiting Friends and Relatives 8.8%
Business, company job (less than 1 year). 13.9%
Conference/meeting 10.5%
Training/workshop 5.5%
Shopping 9.2%
Health Treatment / checkup 13.9%
Religion, Pilgrims 13.0%
School/college/university (less than 1 year). 7.1%
Others 7.1%
Average Number of nights Spent 10 Days













Table 3. Scenarios of expenditures of the trip per Departing Resident Bangladeshi
(Tourism Scenario Abroad)
 (Land Port)


Expenditure type Average cost per tourist (TK.) Total (TK)

Accommodation 9103 3313565
Food and Beverages 6665 2425989
Airways . .
Waterway 387 92218
Railway 801 190612
Bus, Taxi, etc. 785 186798
Entertainment Cost 801 190612
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1422 338319
Purchase not related to tourism 378 89997
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 211 50161
Expense for Financial Service 190 45253
Total monetary expenses made by others 497 118199
ICT Expense 226 53728
Medical Cost 378 89997
International Ticket 2418 575508
Travel Agent 19496 1949553
Shopping Cost 1678 399278
Others Cost 1345 320196
Total 46781 10429983























Table 3a. Scenarios of expenditures of the trip per Departing Resident Bangladeshi
(Tourism Scenario Pre-Trip)
(Land port)


Expenditure type Average cost per tourist (TK.) Total (TK)

Accommodation 948 225572
Food and Beverages 662 157607
Airways . .
Waterway 387 92218
Railway 801 190612
Bus, Taxi, etc. 785 186798
Entertainment Cost 801 190612
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1422 338319
Purchase not related to tourism 378 89997
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 211 50161
Expense for Financial Service 190 45253
Total monetary expenses made by others 497 118199
ICT Expense 226 53728
Medical Cost 378 89997
International Ticket 2418 575508
Travel Agent 19496 1949553
Shopping Cost 1678 399278
Others Cost 1345 320196
























Departing Non-Resident Bangladeshi (Airport)


Table 1. Percentage distribution of respondents by personal Characteristic

Personal Characteristic N % Year
Sex Male 57.0%
Female 43.0%
Average age of respondents 38
Profession Professional/technical (teacher, lawyer, doctor, engineer) 15.4%
Administrative/managerial 12.2%
Clerical worker 11.3%
service worker 14.9%
sales worker 10.9%
agriculture, forestry and fisheries 14.0%
production and transport laborer 7.7%
others 13.6%

Table2. Percentage distribution of respondents by purpose of tour and number of nights spent

Purpose Of Tour N % Average
Leisure, Recreation and holidays 9.0%
Visiting Friends and Relatives 10.9%
Business, company job (less than 1 year). 11.8%
Conference/meeting 8.6%
Training/workshop 9.0%
Shopping 9.0%
Health Treatment / checkup 12.2%
Religion, Pilgrims 14.5%
School/college/university (less than 1 year). 6.8%
Others 8.1%
Number of Nights spent on the tour 6 days











Table 3. Scenarios of expenditures of the trip per Departing Non-Resident Bangladeshi (Airport)


Expenditure type Average cost per tourist (TK.) Total (TK)

Accommodation cost 3997 883400
Food and Beverages 7218 1595100
Airways 5000 5000
Waterway 524 32990
Railway 902 149780
Bus, Taxi, etc. 2324 513660
Entertainment Cost 2311 510700
International Ticket 107201 23691400
Travel Agent 8375 1850900
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1914 422900
Expense for Financial Service 479 105780
Total monetary expenses made by others 78 17150
ICT Expense 396 87460
Medical Cost 403 52780
Shopping Cost 21027 4647000
Others Cost 2153 475920
Total 164302 35041920



























Departing Non-ResidentBangladeshi (Land port)



Table 1. Percentage distribution of respondents by personal characteristic

Personal Characteristic N % Year

Sex Male 81.0%
Female 19.0%
Average age of respondents 38
Profession Professional/technical (teacher, lawyer, doctor, engineer) .0%
Administrative/managerial .0%
Clerical worker .0%
service worker .0%
sales worker .0%
agriculture, forestry and fisheries .0%
production and transport laborer 43.7%
others 56.3%


Table2. Percentage distribution of respondents by purpose of tour

Purpose of tour %
Leisure, Recreation and holidays. 7.9%
Visiting Friends and relatives 8.7%
Business, company job (less than 1 year). 7.1%
Conference/meeting 9.5%
Training/workshop 14.3%
Shopping 11.1%
Health Treatment / checkup 7.9%
Religion, Pilgrims 11.1%
School/college/university (less than 1year). 10.3%
Others (specify) 11.9%














Table 4. Scenarios of expenditures of the trip per Departing Non-Resident Bangladeshi (Airport)


Expenditure type Average cost per tourist (TK.) Total (TK)

Accommodation 9130 1150364
Food and Beverages 7301 919885
Airways . .
Waterway 395 49742
Railway 798 100588
Bus, Taxi, etc. 771 97122
Entertainment Cost 798 100588
Tour related purchase expenses in Bangladesh 1417 178561
Purchase not related to tourism 384 48323
Minor Maintenance expenses locally 209 26279
Expense for Financial Service 190 23907
Total monetary expenses made by others 492 61981
ICTExpense 224 28172
MedicalCost 384 48323
InternationalTicket 2366 298092
ShoppingCost 1699 214062
OthersCost 1287 162104
Total 27845 3508093

























Appendix B

Statistical Concepts and Limitations


In this exposition we provide a brief and lucid account of relevant Statistical concepts and definitions used in the report accompanied by limitations faced during the entire work.

Concepts and Definitions used

Sampling frame used was IMPS frame. IMPS comprises of 262,000 Enumeration Areas (EA). For operational convenience census blocks each having two contiguous EAS, having 200 households were used as sampling blocks. There are a total of 131,000 blocks. These sampling blocks are called Primary Sampling Units (PSUs).

HIES-2010 used 625 of such PSUsand for TSA we took 25% of this as subsample and distributed between Rural-Urban strata. However, unlike HIES-2010, we have allocated more PSUs to urban stratum (65%) and less in rural stratum (35%). This consideration was based on consensus arrived at a meeting held among stakeholders at BBS taking into account that more tourism activities are prevalent in urban areas compare to rural areas. Moreover, this is also supported by data of HIES-2010 in section-9 part C & D which include expenditures regarding many tourism related variables of rural and urban strata.

Limitations

The present assignment faced lot of hurdles and obstacles from the very inception stage. Total limitations are broken into two parts as follows.

Part-1 External
During the period of the assignment there were 40 days Hartals which severely impeded our pace of progress.

Part-2 Internal
Some Establishments under the study delayed in responding and hesitated to provide income data. Lot of time was needed for settling Immigrations pass. Time allocation was too short for such a complex type of work for which data are needed from varieties of sources.

Primary limitations with the present assignment were with data collection from secondary sources. For examples for a particular variable gross output is available in on source but intermediate consumption is in another source. Besides this, for some elements of the expenditure list included in TSA, no information is available. Some often only value added is available & that is also in aggregated forms and not in accordance with the breakdown in the TSA.


In addition to the alone, there was lot of problems in getting information of SUT and I-O tables.
As the present assignment is the first round for compiling TSA, naturally lot of obstacles and problems are inevitable to arise.










Appendix C

Bibliography

Archer, B. (1982), “The value of multipliers and their policy implications”, Tourism Management, v. 3, pp.236-241.

Dwyer, L., P. Forsyth and R. Spurr (2006), “Economic evaluation of special events,” in L. Dwyer and P.

Forsyth, editors, International Handbook on the Economics of Tourism, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, pp. 316-355.

Economist, The (2006), “Big questions and big numbers,” The Economist, v. 380, n. 8486, pp. 67-69.

European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank (2009), System of National Accounts 2008, NewYork; referred to as “SNA 2008” in this paper.

Frechtling, D. (2010), “The Tourism Satellite Account: A Primer”, Annals of Tourism Research, v. 37, n.1, pp. 136-153.

Hara, T (2008), Quantitative Tourism Industry Analysis, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK.

Inter-American Development Bank (2011), downloaded from
http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/trade/understanding-a-computable-general-equilibrium-model.1283.html, September 22.

Isard, W., I. J. Azis, M. P. Drennan, R. E. Miller, S. Saltzman and E. Thorbecke (1998), Methods of Interregional and Regional Analysis, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK.

Kehoe, T. J. (1996), “Social Accounting Matrices and Applied General Equilibrium Models, Working Paper 563”, Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.

Mitra-Kahn, B. (2008), “Debunking the Myths of Computable General Equilibrium Models, SCEPA Working Paper 2008-1”, The New School for Social Research, New York.

Rossouw, R. and M. Saayman (2011), “Assimilation of tourism satellite accounts and applied general equilibrium models to inform tourism policy analysis,” Tourism Economics, v. 17, n. 4, pp. 753-783.

Round, J. (2003), “Social accounting matrices and SAM-based multiplier analysis” in F. Bourguignon and L. Pereira da Silva, editors, The Impact of Economic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution: Evaluation Techniques and Tools, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.




Appendix D
Basic Glossary
Business visitor - A business visitor is a visitor whose main purpose for a tourism trip corresponds to the business and professional category.
Country of reference - The country of reference refers to the country for which the measurement is done.
As  a  general  observation,  it  should  be  noted  that  in  the International
Recommendations 2008:
(a) The term “country” can be transposed to a different geographical level using the term “place” instead (either a region, municipality or other sub national geographic location);
(b) The term “long-term” is used as the equivalent of a year or more and “short-term” as less than a year.
Country of residence - The country of residence of a household is determined according to the centre of predominant economic interest of its members. If a person resides (or intends to reside) for more than one year in a given country and has there his/her centre of economic interest (for example, where the predominant amount of time is spent), he/she is considered as a resident of this country.
Destination (main Central to destination) of a trip -The main destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited that is the decision to take the trip. See also purpose of a tourism trip.
Domestic tourism - Comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference, either as part of a domestic tourism trip or part of an outbound tourism trip.
Economic analysis - Tourism generates directly and indirectly an increase in economic activity in the places visited (and beyond), mainly due to demand for goods and services that need to be produced and provided.
In  the  economic  analysisof  tourism,  one  may  distinguish  between  tourism’s economic contribution which refers to the direct effect of tourism and is measurable by means of the TSA, and tourism’s economic impact  which is a much broader concept encapsulating the direct, indirect and induced effects of tourism and which must be estimated by applying models.


Economic impact studies aim to quantify economic benefits, that is, the net increasein the wealth of residents resulting from tourism, measured in monetary terms, over and above the levels that would prevail in its absence.

Employment in tourism industries - Employment in tourism industries may be measured as a count of the persons employed intourism industriesin any of their jobs, as a count of the personsemployed in tourism industries in their main job, as a count of the jobs in tourism industries, or as full-time equivalent figures.

Excursionist (or same-day visitor) - A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) if his/her trip does not include an overnight stay.

Forms of tourism - There are three basic forms of tourism: domestic tourism, inbound tourism, andoutbound tourism. These can be combined in various ways to derive the following additional forms of tourism:  internal tourism, national tourism and international tourism.

Inbound tourism - Comprises the activities of a non-resident visitor within the country of reference onan inbound tourism trip.

Internal tourism - Internal tourism comprises domestic tourism plus inbound tourism, that is to say,the activities of resident and non-resident visitors within the country of reference as part of domestic or international tourism trips.

International tourism - International tourism comprises inbound tourism plus outbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips and the activities of non-resident visitors within the country of reference on inbound tourism trips.

Meetings industry -To highlight purposes relevant to the meetings industry, if a trip‟s main purpose isbusiness/professional,  it  can  be  further  subdivided  into  “attending  meetings, conferences or congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions” and “other business and professional purposes”.

The  term  meetings  industry  is  preferred  by  the  International  Congress  andConvention Association (ICCA), Meeting Professionals International (MPI) and Reed Travel over the acronym MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions) which does not recognize the industrial nature of such activities.

MICE - See meetings industry.

National tourism - National tourism comprises domestic tourism plus outbound tourism, that is tosay, the activities of resident visitors within and outside the country of reference,either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips.

Outbound tourism - Comprises theactivitiesof a residentvisitoroutside the country of reference,eitheras part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of a domestic tourism trip.

Place of usual residence - The place of usual residence is the geographical place where the enumerated person usually resides, and is defined by the location of his/her principal dwelling (Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses of the United Nations, para. 2.20 to 2.24).

Purpose of a tourism trip (main) - The main purpose of a tourism trip is defined as the purpose in the absence of which thetripwould not have taken place. Classification oftourism tripsaccording to the main purpose refers to nine categories: this typology allows the identification of different subsets of visitors (business visitors, transit visitors, etc). See also destination of a tourism trip.

Tourism expenditure - Tourism expenditure refers to the amount paid for the acquisition of consumptiongoods and services, as well as valuables, for own use or to give away, for andduring tourism trips.







Tourism industries - Tourism industries(also referred to astourism activities) are the activities that typically produce tourism characteristic products.

Tourism characteristic products are those that satisfy one or both of the followingcriteria:

(a) Tourism expenditure on the product (either good or service) shouldrepresent a significant share of total tourism expenditure (share-of-expenditure/demand condition);

(b) Tourism expenditure on the product should represent a significant share ofthe supply of the product in the economy (share-of-supply condition). This criterion implies that the supply of a tourism characteristic product would cease to exist in meaningful quantity in the absence of visitors.


List of categories of tourism characteristic products and tourism industries
Products Industries
1. Accommodation services for visitors 1. Accommodation for visitors
2. Food and beverage serving services 2. Food and beverage serving activities
3. Railway passenger transport services 3. Railway passenger transport
4. Road passenger transport services 4. Road passenger transport
5. Water passenger transport services 5. Water passenger transport
6. Air passenger transport services 6. Air passenger transport
7. Transport equipment rental services 7. Transport equipment rental
8. Travel agencies and other reservation services 8. Travel agencies and other reservation services activities
9. Cultural services 9. Cultural activities
10. Sports and recreational services 10. Sports and recreational activities
11. Country-specific tourism characteristic goods 11. Retail trade of country-specific tourism characteristicgoods
12. Country-specific tourism characteristic services 12. Other country-specific tourism characteristic activities




Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) - TheTourism  Satellite  Account(described  in  theTourism Satellite  Account:Recommended  Methodological  Framework  2008)  is,  besides  theInternationalRecommendations   for   Tourism   Statistics   2008,   the   second   internationalrecommendation on tourism statistics that has been developed in a framework of consistency with the System of National Accounts. Both recommendations are mutually consistent and provide the conceptual framework formeasuring and analyzing tourism as an economic activity.

As a statistical tool for the economic accounting of tourism, the TSA can be seen as a set of 10 summary tables, each with their underlying data and representing a different aspect of the economic data relative to tourism: inbound, domestic tourism and outbound tourism expenditure, internal tourism expenditure, production accounts of tourism industries, the Gross Value Added (GVA) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) attributable to tourism demand, employment, investment, government consumption, and non monetary indicators.

Tourism sector - The tourism sector, as contemplated in the TSA, is the cluster of production units in different industries that provide consumption goods and services demanded by visitors. Such industries are called tourism industries because visitor acquisition represents such a significant share of their supply that, in the absence of visitors, their production of these would cease to exist in meaningful quantity.

Tourist (or overnight visitor) - A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if his/her trip includes an overnight stay.

Travel / tourism - Travel refers to the activity of travelers. A traveler is someone who moves between different geographic locations, for any purpose and any duration. The visitor is a particular type of traveler and consequently tourism is a subset of travel.
Travel party - A  travel  party  is  defined  as  visitors  travelling  together  on  a  trip  and  whose expenditures are pooled.
Trip - A trip refers to the travel by a person from the time of departure from his/her usual residence until he/she returns: it thus refers to a round trip. Trips taken by visitors are tourism trips.
Usual environment - The usual environment of an individual, a key concept in tourism, is defined as the geographical  area  (though  not  necessarily  a  contiguous  one)  within  which  an individual conducts his/her regular life routines.
Vacation home - A vacation home (sometimes also designated as a holiday home) is a secondary dwelling that is visited by the members of the household mostly for purposes of recreation, vacation or any other form of leisure.
Visit - A trip is made up of visits to different places. The term tourism visit refers to a stay in a place visited during a tourism trip.
Visitor - A visitor is a traveler taking a trip to a  main destination outside his/her  usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited. A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise.