Universal Learning House

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS All metabolic reactions are catalyzed by proteins  in the form of enzymes, including energy releasing and energy capturing reactions. Proteins offer structure to cells and organisms, such as the cytoskeleton. DNA has the stored information needed to determine the sequence of amino acids in proteins. It is essential to understand how proteins are synthesized in order to fully understand how they work. The building of proteins is called protein synthesis. The assembly of proteins occurs outside the nucleus in the ribosomes. The ribosome will translate the mRNA molecule until it reaches a termination codon on the mRNA. When this happens, the growing protein called a polypeptide chain is released from the tRNA molecule and the ribosome splits back into large and small subunits. The newly formed polypeptide chain undergoes several modifications before becoming a fully functioning protein. Proteins have a variet...

All readings, data, results or other numerical quantities taken from the real world by direct measurement or otherwise are subject to uncertainty. This is a consequence of not being able to measure anything exactly. Uncertainty cannot be avoided but it can be reduced by using 'better' apparatus. The uncertainty on a measurement has to do with the precision or resolution of the measuring instrument. When results are analyzed it is important to consider the affects of uncertainty in subsequent calculations involving the measured quantities. If you are unlucky (or careless) then your results will also be subject to errors. Errors are mistakes in the readings that, had the experiment been done differently, been avoided. It is perfectly possible to take a measurement accurately and erroneously! Unfortunately it is not always possible to know when you are making an error (otherwise you wouldn't make it!) and so good experimental technique has to able to guard against the af...