Universal Learning House

There is no denying the fact that kinetics is the study of how fast (the rate) a reaction progresses. The rate of a reaction is a physical property of a reaction and is measured by the change in some reaction quantity volume, mass, concentration) per  unit time. The most common method used to calculate the rate of reaction is to measure the change in concentration of the reactant(s) per second. The rate becomes, rate = - ( change in concentration of reactant in mol dm-3 ) / time in seconds {or, rate = change in concentration of product/time}. This gives the unit of mol dm-3 s-1 for the rate of a reaction. The rate of a reaction may be represented by a mathematical equation related to the chemical equation for a reaction, e.g. for the simple hydrolysis reactions of haloalkanes, SN1: The most important reaction, or the rate-determining step, is the breaking of the C-halogen bond. The rate equation for this reaction is written as, where k = the rate constant for the react...

Rules for Assigning Oxidation States The oxidation state (OS) of an element corresponds to the number of electrons, e-, that an atom loses, gains, or appears to use when joining with other atoms in compounds. In determining the OS of an atom, there are seven guidelines to follow:  The OS of an individual atom is 0. 2. The total OS of all atoms in: a neutral species is 0 and in an ion is equal to the ion charge. 3. Group 1 metals have an OS of +1 and Group 2 an OS of +2 4. The OS of fluorine is -1 in compounds 5. Hydrogen generally has an OS of +1 in compounds 6. Oxygen generally has an OS of -2 in compounds 7. In binary metal compounds, Group 17 elements have an OS of -1, Group 16 of -2, and Group 15 of -3. (Note: The sum of the OSs is equal to zero for neutral compounds and equal to the charge for polyatomic ion species.) le 1: Assigning OSs Determine the OSs of the elements in the following reactions: a. Fe(s)+O2(g)→Fe2O3(g) b. ...

The old leaves remain intact leaving the new one Like the flowers bloom by day and with er before the noon, All day and night flourish the beauty and colour; For the sake of snowfall behind the pearls of the fragrant soon.. Like the lack luster glittering inside fathomed grassy land Towards the sorrowful attitude gleaned with laughter race. Every time and every night the flowers blossom by turns So significant and bright for the change over the height In the low lying land where the birds dislike the place Where they leave forever despite joyful gleans all around. The old tortoise  never embraced any frog as it is smaller The snakes were coming towards the hole  of the mongoose As it carried the roots of the plant good for antidotes Like the sandwiched detrimental health trips for grasping the herbs to trespass the swinging race for everlasting its joyous rhyme As it is ringing like the wavering speed of the glittering waves In the woodland like the shark for...

              There is no denying the fact that today’s world is not doctrinaire, astute and cultured, rather it is full of hazards and alarming. Still nowadays, unconstrained social evils are widespread in the world. Not only in our country, but also in many parts of the world, sleaze, violence, dowry system, traffic congestion, pollutions and high rate of population survive terrifically. In earlier times, the people were peaceful in the sense that they did not know how to use weapons to mess up others. In modern world, the use of atomic energy has been impishly enhancing for which the safe and sound continued subsistence for humans are being meticulous day by day. If we look around the world, we will watch that the numbers of wars are increasing day by day for which the war against terrorism is a burning question right now. The history says, by a mammoth invasion of the terrorists, the world largest business centre situ...

There is no denying the fact, due to detrimental state of affairs, a youngster may be infected with evil mind and as a result, he or she crumbles and stigmatizes by in-flowing into the world of murkiness as well as misleading from where he or she can never get rid of. He commits felony, such as smuggling, robbing, murdering, grabbing and decrepitude etc. and malfunction waits for him everywhere. Even if, he is fascinated by incalculable but noxious outlawed equipment. Not being knowledgeable, he becomes captivated to evil works in society. He becomes unidentified about the world being brief and misapprehension of short-lived affairs, which has never-ending value in the real sense. In numerous times, it is pragmatic by degrees that he becomes go-getting and many unenthusiastic tricks are acted upon in communal life. He gets involved in proverbial activities being crooked and atrocious in real life situation for which the society cannot mull over him as an evil person; never the less; e...

The Calyx The Polar went into the rock where the ice was melting, Being furious, it thought of her mother to be deviated soon, It was full of the perils of insect bites, frostbite, a thousand numbers, A full dust of bricks choked into its reddened eyes; It was not an ordinary thing to go into the depths of the holes. Where they decided to dine together for   expected shelter, To get rid of the hurdles to defaming the kitten coming inside, It was the prey indeed for everlasting love and fraternity beam. The animal roamed into the icy layers of the hills, Where the foods for life were laden, there, The crocodiles of the river were prying into the fish, Where the polar was looking fiercely into the depths, For the golden opportunity when it would have the percussion.

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